{"elementGlobalId":871810,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":8,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Subspecies","classificationLevelNameEs":"Subespecie","classificationLevelNameFr":"Sous-espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Vulpes vulpes cascadensis</i>","scientificName":"Vulpes vulpes cascadensis","scientificNameAuthor":"Merriam, 1900","primaryCommonName":"Cascade Red Fox","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.74.19360","elcode":"AMAJA03013","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Vulpes vulpes cascadensis</i>","taxonomicComments":"Merriam (1900) originally classified montane red foxes in Washington as <i>Vulpes fulva cascadensis</i>. Kamler and Ballard (2002) considered montane red foxes in the Washington and Oregon Cascade Mountains to be<i> V. v. cascadensis</i>. However, Sacks et al (2010) later genotyped individuals from the Washington Cascade Mountains and found that they are distinct from Oregon red foxes, which are more closely related to the <i>V. v. necator</i>, the Sierra Nevada fox. Akins (2017) found additional support for this conclusion.","roundedGRank":"T1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2017-12-18","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Rev. Atkins, J. and A.D. Davidson (2017); Fleckenstein, J.W. (2011)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":871812,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":871815,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":871815,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2017,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":871812,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:59:06.925576Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.74.19360/Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2017-12-18","grankReviewDate":"2017-12-18","grankReasons":"A Washington state Candidate Species and Natural Heritage Critically Imperiled Species, endemic to WA. The subspecies is restricted to high elevations in the Cascades. Range is small and has undergone precipitous declines in abundance and distribution over the last few decades. Some populations appear to have gone extinct. It faces numerous threats from climate change, habitat loss, human winter recreation, collisions with vehicles, and canid competitors (Atkins 2017, NPS: https://www.nps.gov/articles/cascade-fox.htm). T1 is warranted based on current knowledge and continued population declines.","grank":"G5T1","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":871810,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":1,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Très étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":3,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":1,"numberEosDescEn":"1 - 5","numberEosDescEs":"De 1 a 5","numberEosDescFr":"De 1 à 5"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":2,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"None to very few (0-3)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"De ninguno a muy pocos (0 a 3)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"D’aucun à très peu (0 à 3)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":2,"numberProtEosDescEn":"None to few (0-3) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Ninguno a pocos casos (0 a 3) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De aucune à peu d’occurrences (de 0 à 3) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":22,"rangeExtentDescEn":"1000-20,000 square km (about 400-8000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 1.000 a 20.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 400 a 8.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 1 000 à 20 000 km carrés (de 400 à 8 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":19,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-80%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 80","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 80 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"4,500km<sup>2</sup> is best estimate available. Endemic to Washington; restricted to upper mountain forest, subalpine parkland, and alpine meadows of the Cascade Range. Occupancy was calculated 25.2% of surveyed area in the southern portion (south of I90 highway) of the range (Akins 2017). Occupancy likely to be lower in the northern portion because of the paucity of detections (<i>n</i> = 9) in the NCE (north of I90 highway) during the past 4 decades (Akins, pers. obs., 2017)","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Alpine meadow and parkland are suitable habitat. Area of these types are assumed to be 10% or less of the range extent. In the southern Cascades, their distribution depends on continuity of subalpine parklands and upper montane coniferous forests between 1,100m to 2,100m (Akins 2017).","numberEosComments":"Akins (2017) conducted intensive surveys in the southern portion of the range, and examined population status and genetic structure. She found that the Cascade red foxes in southern Washington represent a single, small interbreeding population that has retained its indigenous genetic integrity (mtDNA lineage). Individual foxes occur on the Gifford Pinchot National Park (Indian Heaven, Mount Adams, and Goat Rocks Wildernesses; Hamilton Buttes, Darland Mountain, and surrounding areas), Wenatchee and Snoqualmie National Forests (William O Douglas and Norse Peak Wildernesses, and Manastash Ridge), at Mount Rainier National Park, and Crystal Mountain Resort; but not on Mount St Helens or the Dark Divide Roadless Area (between Mount St Helens and Mount Adams). Results showed that highly-related individuals maintained large ranges (e.g., a single individual occurring from Mount Rainier to Mount Adams), perhaps to accommodate the marginal, high-elevation habitat they occupy year-round.<br /> <br />Despite intensive surveys of mesopredators throughout the north portion of the range (north of I90 highway) only single individuals (<i>n</i> = 9) have been detected since 1980. These include the following sites (from south to north): near Lake Cle Elum (Sasse Ridge, 2008; Boulder Creek, 2011: 47.44270, -121.05422, 2920 ft), near Ingalls Peak (Lake Ann, 2009), Benson Creek (2017: 48.27825, -119.92773, 3200 ft), south of Twisp (Lookout Mountain, 2011), Rainy Pass (2001, 2016), Twisp River Road (Poplar Flats Campground, 2013), and Conconully (1981, lynx trap).","popSizeComments":"No data are available on population size.","viabilityComments":"Akins (2017) estimates of genetic effective population size, N<sub>e</sub>, in the southern population varied depending on sample size but in all cases the upper 95% CI was &lt;20, which is very small (e.g., Funk et al. 1999; Sacks et al. 2010). The expectation based on N<sub>e</sub> of 20 is that a population will experience a loss in heterozygosity of approximately 25% over 10 generations (e.g., Waples 1989), which would bring heterozygosity (H<sub>e</sub> = 0.60) to 0.45 in 10 generations. While estimates of genetic effective population size, N<sub>e</sub>, in the southern population varied depending on sample size but in all cases the upper 95% CI was &lt;20, which is very small (e.g., Funk et al. 1999; Sacks et al. 2010). The expectation based found that individuals move across large distances and interbreed, the small genetic effective size of the population raises concerns of potential future losses of genetic diversity that may threaten its long-term persistence. Akins (2017) found no evidence of matrilineal or nuclear introgression by nonnative red foxes into the CRF population, suggesting the genetic integrity of this small, isolated population has been maintained. However, such hybridization has occurred rapidly in other montane red fox populations.<br /> <br />In addition, small size and isolation may be affecting populations in the North Cascades Ecosystem to a greater extent, given the paucity of detections over the past several decades. Montane red fox populations have been undetected and unstudied elsewhere before the advent of genetic sampling in conjunction with remote camera surveys (e.g. Statham et al. 2012). The northern distribution and status remains unclear yet confirmed detections, including very recently, suggest the persistence of small population(s).","threatImpactComments":"Mount Rainier National Park and Mount Adams contains a significant percentage of the known southern occurrence, and individuals face a major threat from acclimation to humans resulting in begging and exposure to vehicle traffic. Significant threats to all populations include expanding coyote populations, which increase the risk of predation and competition. In addition, historical habitat loss and fragmentation due to timber extraction and road building may limit connectivity between populations. Also, increased rain-on-snow events that close access to the subnivean where foxes forage on small mammals may be treated prey availability. These events may also facilitate the movement of coyotes in the subalpine/upper montane forest habitats and reduce the competitive advantage of the Cascade red fox. Additional future threats include habitat loss due to encroachment of woody vegetation into subalpine meadows (significant foraging grounds for the foxes), and other unknown alterations of the montane biome due to changing patterns of temperature and precipitation.<br /> <br />Hybridization, and subsequent genetic introgression of lowland red fox lineages, is a possible threat to the integrity of this unique subspecies. It has not been documented in the Cascade red fox to date, but has occurred rapidly in other montane red fox populations.<br /> <br />Populations are small enough, especially in the northern portion, that stochastic events, such as outbreaks of disease, arrival of novel competitors, increased recreation, or impacts of climate change could threaten survival.","shortTermTrendComments":"Populations have experienced precipitous declines over the last several decades, and some populations have gone extinct (Akins 2017).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"A priority need is a survey in the northern portion of the range, particularly on the east slopes of the Cascades, to determine occurrence and population status.","numberProtEosComments":"The range of the animal has been greatly reduced in areas that should represent protected populations. Reasons for these losses are not understood and may not have been corrected.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Most individuals probably reproduce in their first year, and other subspecies of the species travel widely enough to be good colonists. This subspecies appears able to move through areas of timber, but dense timber may partially obstruct movement and colonization.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Specialized for occupying subalpine and alpine habitat (Higbee 2012). Restricted to high elevation forests, subalpine habitat, and alpine meadows."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":871810,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1710,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Red Fox","subtypes":"Den","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a home range of 700 hectares.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Major water barriers (arbitrarily set at 300 meters wide at low water)  that do not freeze.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":15.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Red foxes are highly mobile, and dispersal can be extensive (e.g., averaging 31 km in males and 11 km in females, Storm et al. 1976).<br><br>Home range size is highly variable, ranging from dozens to thousands of hectares, reflecting differences in habitat quality (reviewed by Lariviere and Pasitschniak-Arts 1996). Grzimek (1975) reported home ranges varying from 500 to 1200 hectares in good habitat, 2000 to 5000 hectares in poor habitat. Sargent (1972) and Storm et  al. (1976) record a range of 150 to 1500 hectares. In northwestern British Columbia tundra, a mean home range of 1600 hectares was reported (Jones and Theberge 1982). Winter home ranges usually 2-4 kilometers in diameter; summer ranges smaller (Caire et al. 1989). A theoretical circular home range of 1000 hectares has a diameter of about 3.5 kilometers. <br><br>Separation distance is arbitrary but attempts to balance the high mobility of these mammals against the need for occurrences of reasonable size for conservation use. Occurrence delineation requires attention to seasonal changes in location and habitat use (if any); different parts of the annual home range are of course included in the same occurrence regardless of how far apart they are.<br><br>Unsuitable habitat includes extensive, dense, unbroken forest (although maternity dens may be located in the outer parts such habitat).","versionDate":"2004-09-22","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2021-10-02T17:10:40.11281Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":871810,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"The Cascade Red Fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes cascadensis</i>) endemic to the state of Washington, where it is restricted to the upper mountain forest, subalpine parkland, and alpine meadows of the Cascade Range. Populations have experienced precipitous declines over the last several decades, and some populations have gone extinct. New ecological investigations aimed at estimating demographic rates and home range sizes, and determining predator-prey relationships, food habits, and fine-scale habitat use and movements are needed. This is especially critical in the face of climate change as this taxon is adapted to snowy habitats (upper montane, subalpine, and alpine habitats) that are being altered by climate change. In addition, genetic sampling and analyses of adjacent nonnative red fox populations will improve our ability to assess the threat of hybridization. Estimates of demographic rates will provide a timeline for potential future losses of genetic diversity.<br /><br />Minimizing clearcutting or extensive thinning, and concomitant road building within the elevational range of the CRF (4000ft–7000ft) will reduce habitat fragmentation and invasion of coyotes. Closing unused roads and maintaining roads to the minimum standard possible will reduce human conflicts including vehicle collisions. Prescribed fire in upper montane forests may increase forage availability for small mammal prey and create openings for this cursorial predator to effectively hunt. Maintaining the trapping ban on USFS lands, which contain the majority of CRF populations, will continue to be an important management action. Developing and implementing a credible survey and monitoring strategy to determine CRF distribution throughout its potential range and monitor trends in population sizes and genetic diversity is essential. In addition, determining demographic rate will clarify a timeline for predicted future losses of genetic diversity and help to understand prospects for long-term persistence.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"New ecological investigations aimed at estimating demographic rates and home range sizes, and determining predator-prey relationships, food habits, and fine-scale habitat use and movements are needed. This is especially critical in the face of climate change as this taxon is adapted to snowy habitats (upper montane, subalpine, and alpine habitats) that are being altered by climate change. In addition, genetic sampling and analyses of adjacent nonnative red fox populations will improve our ability to assess the threat of hybridization. Estimates of demographic rates will provide a timeline for potential future losses of genetic diversity.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":187298,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:44:56.731825Z"}],"references":[{"id":760459,"citation":"Akins, Jocelyn. PhD student. Canid Diversity and Conservation Lab, UCDavis.","shortCitationAuthor":"Akins","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDAKI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:53:23.411049Z"},{"id":960324,"citation":"Akins, J. R. 2017. Distribution, genetic structure, and conservation status of the Cascade Red Fox in Southern Washington. PhD dissertation, University of California, Davis. 144 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Akins","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"U17AKI01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:53:23.411049Z"},{"id":763004,"citation":"Aubry, K.B. 1983. The Cascades red fox: distribution, morphology, zoogeography, and ecology. PhD dissertation. University of Washington.","shortCitationAuthor":"Aubry","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"U83AUB61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:53:23.411049Z"},{"id":763005,"citation":"Aubry, K.B. 1984. The recent history and present distribution of the red fox in Washington. Northwest Science 58(1):69-79.","shortCitationAuthor":"Aubry","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84AUB61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:53:23.411049Z"},{"id":763008,"citation":"Aubry, K.B., M.J. Statham, B.N. Sacks, J.D. Perrine, and S.M. Wiseley. 2009. Phylogeography of the North American red fox: vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia. Molecular Ecology 18:2668-2686.","shortCitationAuthor":"Aubry et al.","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09AUB61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:53:23.411049Z"},{"id":763009,"citation":"Aubry, Keith B. Research Wildlife Biologist for USDA Forest Service, Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Aubry","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDAUB61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:53:23.411049Z"},{"id":150211,"citation":"Dalquest. W. W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. University of Kansas Museum Natural History Publ. 2:1-444.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dalquest","shortCitationYear":1948,"referenceCode":"B48DAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.742565Z"},{"id":763970,"citation":"Kamler, J.F. and W. B. Ballard. 2002. A review of native and nonnative red foxes in North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(2):370-379. Online at http://www.janute.com/publications (accessed 31 Mar. 2011).","shortCitationAuthor":"Kamler and Ballard","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02KAM61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:53:23.411049Z"},{"id":147212,"citation":"Lariviere, S., and M. Pasitschniak-Arts. 1996. <i>Vulpes vulpes</i>. Mammalian Species (537):1-11.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lariviere and Pasitschniak-Arts","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96LAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-04-03T01:56:13.738777Z"},{"id":668651,"citation":"Perrine, J. D., III. 2005. Ecology of red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) in the Lassen Peak region of California, USA. 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Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":477777,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 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