{"elementGlobalId":973574,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":2,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Invertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal invertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal invertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pycnopodia helianthoides</i>","scientificName":"Pycnopodia helianthoides","scientificNameAuthor":"(Brandt, 1835)","primaryCommonName":"Sunflower Sea Star","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.973574","elcode":"IEECH88010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Lambert, P. 2000. Sea Stars of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, and Puget Sound. 2nd edition. Royal British Columbia Museum Handbooks Series. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, 192 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Pycnopodia helianthoides</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"GNR","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":973594,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":1259468,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1259468,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1381987,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1381987,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1384688,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1384688,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1383438,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1383438,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":973594,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":973665,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":973666,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":973666,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":973665,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T00:05:19.99399Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.973574/Pycnopodia_helianthoides","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":null,"grankReviewDate":null,"grankReasons":null,"grank":"GNR","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":973574,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":null,"areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":973574,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":973574,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[],"references":[{"id":793833,"citation":"Lambert, P. 2000. Sea Stars of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, and Puget Sound. 2nd edition. Royal British Columbia Museum Handbooks Series. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, 192 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lambert","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00LAM01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:31:43.352144Z"},{"id":1108700,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2021. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List the Sunflower Sea Star as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act. Federal Register 86(245):73230-73233.","shortCitationAuthor":"NMFS","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"N21NMF03NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T06:29:50.564229Z"},{"id":1125830,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2023. Proposed Rule To List the Sunflower Sea Star as Threatened Under the Endangered Species Act. Federal Register 88(51):16212-16229.","shortCitationAuthor":"NMFS","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23NMF02NAUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T23:51:00.496814Z"},{"id":1053840,"citation":"WoRMS Editorial Board. 2020. World Register of Marine Species. Available: http://www.marinespecies.org at VLIZ (accessed 12 Feb 2020)","shortCitationAuthor":"WoRMS","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20WOR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T21:02:21.739072Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":973574,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":3,"cosewicDescEn":"Endangered","cosewicDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","cosewicDescFr":"En voie de disparition","cosewicCode":"E"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":null,"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":4,"usesaDescEn":"Proposed threatened","usesaDescEs":"Propuesto como amenazado","usesaDescFr":"Suggestion d'espèce menacée","usesaCode":"PT"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":86,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Invertebrates - Marine","level3":"Starfish","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":80,"distributionStatus":"not","displayOrder":4460},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Echinodermata","taxclass":"Asteroidea","taxorder":"Forcipulatida","family":"Pycnopodiidae","genus":"Pycnopodia","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":"2025-05-08","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for designation: Historically found in the inshore waters along much of the Pacific Coast of North America, this is the world's largest sea star and the only member of its genus. The species was stricken by Sea Star Wasting Disease following abnormally high ocean temperatures during 2014-2015. Extensive diving survey data suggest a loss of over 75% of the Canadian population, with no evidence of recovery since 2015. The species is largely gone from the U.S. portion of its range to the south and Alaskan subpopulations to the north have also declined precipitously, limiting the possibility of rescue. Given these recent declines, continuing disease outbreaks and little potential for rescue, this species is Endangered and at risk of extirpation in Canada.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Endangered in May 2025.","usesaDate":"2023-03-16","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":129393,"synonym":"Asterias helianthoides","synonymAuthor":"Brandt, 1835","formattedSynonym":"<i>Asterias helianthoides</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Invertebrates","caGeneralStatusId":"GS030876"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":973574,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":null,"generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":793833,"citation":"Lambert, P. 2000. Sea Stars of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, and Puget Sound. 2nd edition. Royal British Columbia Museum Handbooks Series. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, 192 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lambert","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00LAM01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:31:43.352144Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}