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Compagno, and M.B. Bennett. 2009. Redescription of the genus <i>Manta </i>with resurrection of <i>Manta alfredi</i> (Krefft, 1868) (Chondrichthyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). Zootaxa 2301:1–28.","conceptName":"<i>Manta birostris</i>","taxonomicComments":"Based on Marshall et al. (2009) this species has been split into <i>M. birostris</i> and <i>M. alfredi</i>. The genus <i>Manta </i>is placed into the synonymy of <i>Mobula </i>by White et al. (2018).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2014-10-08","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Surdick, Jim","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":965349,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":965350,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":965350,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1290919,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1290919,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1231237,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1231237,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1331571,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1331571,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1274669,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1274669,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1351342,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1351342,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":965349,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T00:04:04.275999Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.965348/Mobula_birostris","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2014-10-08","grankReviewDate":"2014-10-08","grankReasons":"Wide geographic range in tropical, subtropical, and temperate   oceans.  Significant population declines due to overfishing seem to have occurred throughout range; considered vulnerable to fishing because of life history characteristics.","grank":"G3G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":965348,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":11,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":4,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"None to some (0-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"De ninguno a unos pocos (0 a 40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"D’aucun à quelques-uns (0 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":28,"popSizeDescEn":"2500 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 2.500 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 2 500 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":5,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"global temperate and tropical waters","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Manta birostirs has a circumglobal but patchy distribution in tropical and temperate oceans.","numberEosComments":"Exact number of occurrences is unknown but may be moderately large given the circumglobal range of the species in tropical and temperate oceans.","popSizeComments":"Difficult to assess because found worldwide in tropical and temperate oceanic waters.  Individuals may disperse widely but subpopulations are highly fragmented and widely dispersed (Marshal et al. 2011).","viabilityComments":"The number of occurrences with good viability has not been determined.  Species occurs sporadically throughout the range.  There are some areas where Manta birostris predictably congregates seasonally in large numbers to breed, feed, and clean (Duffy and Abott 2003, Luiz et al. 2009).  The level of protection these congregation areas receive is largely unknown.","threatImpactComments":"Worldwide fishing pressure is increasing for this species and is not sustainable.  Species is also incidentally taken as bycatch which is frequently under-reported (Heinrich et al. 2011).  Detailed life history traits are largely unknown but given the extremely low fecundity of the similar Manta alfredi species, on average one pup is born every 2 to 5 years, it is likely Manta birostris populations cannot sustain targeted fisheries coupled with new advancements in fishing technologies (Heinrich et al. 2011).  Other threats include pollution, climate change, habitat degradation, and boat collisions (Marshall 2011).","shortTermTrendComments":"Species considered Vulnerable by IUCN.  Populations thought to be decreasing due to overfishing and bycatch from commercial fisheries.  In some locations the species is under more direct threat from overfishing than others (Marshall et al. 2011).  Global population decline suspected to be 30% over last three generations with some locations experiencing 80% declines (Marshall et al. 2011).","longTermTrendComments":"The amount of long-term decline is unknown but based on some fisheries decreased catch per unit effort and observed recent declines suggests that the population has substantially decreased.","inventoryNeeds":"Document all aggregation sites.  Develop standardized monitoring throughout the species range.","numberProtEosComments":"Difficult to estimate the number of protected EOs because individuals and aggregations may only use Marine Protected Areas seasonally (Graham et al. 2012).","protectionNeeds":"Protect from overfishing.  Limit take at agregation sites.  Need for management of fisheries in developing nations to ensure their long-term sustainability (Couturier et al. 2012).","otherConsiderations":"Vulnerable to excessive exploitation due to slow growth, delayed reproduction, and tendancy to form aggregations.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"low fecundity (belived to have 1-2 pups/litter) and high fishing pressure.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Found in temperate and tropical oceans."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":965348,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":965348,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Accurate rangewide population estimates.  How their large-scale movements interact with fisheries and pollution (Couturier et al. 2012).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":209322,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T06:30:02.662017Z"}],"references":[{"id":761791,"citation":"Couturier, L., Marshall, A. D., Jaine, F., Kashiwagi, T., Pierce, S. J., Townsend, K. A., Weeks, S. J. Bennett, M. B. Richardson, A. J. 2012. Biology, ecology and conservation of the mobulidae.<i> </i>Journal of Fish Biology 80(5): 1075-1119. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03264.x","shortCitationAuthor":"Couturier et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12COU01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:32:53.91592Z"},{"id":721145,"citation":"Discover Life. Online: http://www.discoverlife.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Discover Life","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"WNDDIS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:31:19.680853Z"},{"id":761723,"citation":"Duffy, C.A.J. and Abbott, D. 2003. Sightings of mobulid rays from northern New Zealand, with confirmation of the occurrence of <i>Manta birostris</i> in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37: 715-721.","shortCitationAuthor":"Duffy and Abbott","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03DUF01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:32:53.91592Z"},{"id":761798,"citation":"Graham, R.T., M.J. Witt, D.W. Castellanos, F. 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Ichthyological Research 56: 96-99.","shortCitationAuthor":"Luiz et al.","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09LUI01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:32:53.91592Z"},{"id":762532,"citation":"Marshall, A., Bennett, M.B., Kodja, G., Hinojosa-Alvarez, S., Galvan-Magana, F., Harding, M., Stevens, G. and Kashiwagi, T. 2011. <i>Manta birostris</i>. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"Marshall et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"W14MAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:32:53.91592Z"},{"id":790187,"citation":"Marshall, A.D., L.J.V. Compagno, and M.B. Bennett. 2009. Redescription of the genus <i>Manta </i>with resurrection of <i>Manta alfredi</i> (Krefft, 1868) (Chondrichthyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). 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