{"elementGlobalId":960858,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lampropeltis triangulum</i>","scientificName":"Lampropeltis triangulum","scientificNameAuthor":"(Lacepède, 1789)","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Milksnake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lampropeltis triangulum</i> (Lacépède, 1789) (TSN 174187)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.960858","elcode":"ARADB19080","conceptRefFullCitation":"Ruane, S., Bryson, R.W. Jr., Pyron, R.A., and F.T. Burbrink. 2014. Coalescent Species delimitation in Milksnakes (genus <i>Lampropeltis</i>) and impacts on phylogenetic comparative analyses. Systematic Biology 63(2):231-250.","conceptName":"<i>Lampropeltis triangulum</i>","taxonomicComments":"Following SSAR (Nicholson 2025), as currently defined, <i>L. triangulum</i> comprises populations of the former subspecies <i>L. t. triangulum</i>, <i>L. t. syspila</i> (part), and <i>L. t. amaura</i> (part). Burbrink et al. (2022) found using genome-scale data with detailed phylogeographic and hybrid-zone analyses, along with ecological niche-modeling analyses, that L. triangulum has a zone of hybridization (6% of the combined range) with <i>L. gentilis</i> that occurs primarily where the eastern Nearctic forests transition to the grasslands of the Great Plains but otherwise remains distinct throughout its range. This work also indicates that both <i>L. triangulum</i> and <i>L. gentilis</i> may hybridize with <i>L. elapsoides</i> specifically in a contact zone in Louisiana but that all three also remain distinct outside of that zone. In contrast, Chambers and Hillis (2020) and Chambers et al. (2023) argue that the hybridization detected between <i>L. triangulum</i> and <i>L. gentilis</i> renders these taxa as synonymous and thus all Nearctic milksnakes, excluding <i>L. elapsoides</i>, should be considered <i>L. triangulum</i>. However, Chambers et al. (2023) also found the same two lineages corresponding to <i>L. gentilis</i> and <i>L. triangulum</i>, with the same area of connection as that inferred by Ruane et al. (2014) and Burbrink et al. (2022). See Burbrink et al. (2024) for reanalyses and evaluation of Chambers et al. (2023) demonstrating species status.<br/><br/>Ruane et al. (2014) recognized seven distinct species previously considered to be <i>L. triangulum</i>: <i>L. triangulum</i>, <i>L. gentilis</i>, <i>L. elapsoides</i>, <i>L. annulata</i>, <i>L. polyzona</i>, <i>L. abnorma</i>, <i>and L. micropholis</i>.<br/><br/>The correct year of publication of the original description is 1789 (not 1788 as commonly cited).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2016-04-13","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":960862,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier pertains only to upland species and does not apply to aquatic or wetland snakes); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information on movements of colubrid snakes is limited to a small minority of species. These data indicate that nearly all species have home ranges smaller or much smaller than 25 ha (e.g., less than 3 ha, <i>Pituophis catenifer</i> in California, Rodriguez-Robles 2003), with some up to about 75 ha (<i>Heterodon platirhinos</i>, average 50 ha, Plummer and Mills 2000), and the largest up to 225 ha in the biggest colubrids (<i>Drymarchon</i>, summer mean 50-100 ha, USFWS 1998). <br><br>Radiotelemetry data for <i>Pantherophis </i>indicate that residents of hibernacula that are 1-2 km apart (with suitable intervening habitat) probably interbreed (Prior et al. 1997, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2002). However, \"evidence of genetic structure even over short distances (e.g., 2-20 km) implies that gene flow among rat snake populations can be easily disrupted\" (Prior et al. 1997). Loughheed et al. (1999) found evidence of substantial genetic exchange among local hibernacula (< 6 km apart), but gene flow over distances of 10s of km appears to be substantially less. Based on extensive radio-tracking data, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead (2002) found that home range size of <i>Pantherophis </i>averaged 18.5 ha and ranged up to 93 ha; based on the most mobile individuals, <i>Pantherophis </i>from hibernacula up to 8 km apart can come together for mating. <i>Pantherophis </i>and probably other colubrids exhibit high fidelity to hibernacula and shift even to nearby sites only rarely (Prior et al. 2001). <br><br>Many of the several studies that report small home ranges for colubrids did not employ methods (e.g., radio telemetry) suitable for detecting full annual or multi-annual home range size, dispersal, or other long-distance movements, so these may have yielded underestimates of home ranges or activity areas.  <br><br>At least some colubrids, including medium-sized species such as garter snakes, not uncommonly move between areas up to a few kilometers apart, and several species make extensive movements of up to several kilometers, so separation distances of 1-2 km for suitable habitat are too small for medium-sized and large colubrids.<br><br>A separation distance of 10 km for suitable habitat was selected as most appropriate for snakes assigned to this Specs Group because it seems generally unlikely that two locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent distinct occurrences.<br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, upland habitat is regarded as unsuitable habitat for aquatic and wetland snakes. For upland snakes, shallow or patchy wetlands are treated as unsuitable habitat whereas large deepwater habitats (subjective determination) are barriers.","versionDate":"2013-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"Separation distance for suitable habitat was changed from 5 km to 10 km based on comments from Dale Jackson (12 Feb 2013).","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:05.987846Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":960858,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":209290,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T06:27:23.987834Z"}],"references":[{"id":133065,"citation":"Armstrong, M. P., D. Frymire, and E. J. Zimmerer. 2001. Analysis of sympatric populations of <i>Lampropeltis triangulum syspila</i> and <i>Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides</i>, in western Kentucky and adjacent Tennessee with relation to the taxonomic status of the scarlet kingsnake. Journal of Herpetology 35:688-693.","shortCitationAuthor":"Armstrong et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01ARM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:14:26.475543Z"},{"id":1105850,"citation":"Burbrink, F. T., and M. Gehara. 2018. The biogeography of deep time phylogenetic reticulation. Systematic Biology 67(5):743-755.","shortCitationAuthor":"Burbrink and Gehara","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"A18BUR03NAUS","lastModified":"2021-10-02T20:29:39.450548Z"},{"id":1162496,"citation":"Burbrink, F. T., B. I. Crother, C. M. Murray, B. T. Smith, S. Ruane, E. A. Myers, and R. A. Pyron. 2022. Empirical and philosophical problems with the subspecies rank. 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