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occurrence in the southeastern United States, though spotty at range periphery; still common in many areas.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":960784,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup 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southeastern Virginia (near junction of Appomattox and James rivers) to southern Florida, west to central Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and southeastern Kansas (Triplett, 1991, Herpetol. 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Locally, threats include wetland drainage for agriculture, residential and commercial development, and forestry, and disturbance and direct killing by humans (Blem and Blem 1995).","shortTermTrendComments":"Trend is undocumented, but extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number oif subpopulations, and population size probably are relatively stable or declining at a rate of less than 10 percent over 10 years or three generations. Locally, declines have occurred with habitat loss and degradation. For example, in Virginia, this species decreased in abundance in the 1980s and 1990s (Blem and Blem 1995), and it has been extirpated from some localities (Mitchell 1994). 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See Ernst (1992).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":189,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103755,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103756,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103757,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106754,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106755,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156341,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Limited information indicates an average home range size of about 0.1-0.2 ha, but up to at least 1.2 ha (see Ernst 1992). Cottonmouths may migrate up to at least a few hundred meters between hibernacula and summer ranges. Movements within suitable habitat likely are greater than available information indicates, so a separation distance of 5 km may be reasonable.","versionDate":"2002-03-28","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:34:12.198026Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":960784,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":209288,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T06:27:22.76907Z"}],"references":[{"id":100882,"citation":"Ashton, R. 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The eastern cottonmouth (<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus</i>) at the northern edge of its range. Journal of Herpetology 29:391-398.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blem and Blem","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95BLE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T04:07:11.337079Z"},{"id":761320,"citation":"Burbrink, F. T., and T. J. Guiher. 2014 [2015]. Considering gene flow when using coalescent methods to delimit lineages of North American pitvipers of the genus <i>Agkistrodon</i>. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173(2):505-526.","shortCitationAuthor":"Burbrink and Guiher","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BUR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:15.489407Z"},{"id":115401,"citation":"Burkett, R.D. 1966. Natural history of cottonmouth moccasin, Agkistrodon piscivorus (Reptilia). 57 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Burkett","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66BUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:34:12.198026Z"},{"id":141352,"citation":"Campbell, J. A., and D. H. 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May hibernate communally. <br><br>Limited information indicates an average home range of about 0.1-0.2 ha, but up to at least 1.2 ha (see Ernst 1992). <br><br>Juveniles are preyed on by various predatory animals; alligators and humans are the main predators of adults (Ernst 1992).","habitatComments":"This snake occurs in a wide range of aquatic and wetland habitats: swamps, sloughs, delta bayous, bayheads, ponds and streams in pine flatwoods, pine-palmetto forest, offshore keys, marshes, river bottoms, lowland floodplains, tidal stream courses, dune and beach areas, clear upland brooks, drainage ditches in some southern cities, brackish waters, and sometimes salt marshes (Ernst and Ernst 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). Cottonmouths may aggregate under waterbird rookeries. 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I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":105278,"elCode":"ARADE01020","name":"Agkistrodon piscivorus","formattedName":"<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103597","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null},{"predecessorId":105924,"elCode":"ARADE01023","name":"Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus","formattedName":"<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101150","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null},{"predecessorId":105923,"elCode":"ARADE01022","name":"Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma","formattedName":"<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105780","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}