{"elementGlobalId":878427,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":7,"iucnDescEn":"Data deficient","iucnDescEs":"Datos insuficientes","iucnDescFr":"Données insuffisantes","iucnCode":"DD"},"nameCategory":{"id":2,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Invertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal invertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal invertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Bombus cryptarum</i>","scientificName":"Bombus cryptarum","scientificNameAuthor":"(Fabricius, 1775)","primaryCommonName":"Cryptic Bumble Bee","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.878427","elcode":"IIHYM24500","conceptRefFullCitation":"Williams, P. H., M. J. F. Brown, J. C. Carolan, J. An, D. Goulson, A. M. Aytekin, L. R. Best, A. M. Byvaltsev, B. Cederberg, R. Dawson, J. Huang, M. Ito, A. Monfared, R. H. Raina, P. Schmid-Hempel, C. S. Sheffield, P. ima, and Z. Xie. 2012. Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus <i>Bombus </i>s. str. worldwide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 10(1):21-56.","conceptName":"<i>Bombus </i>(<i>Bombus</i>)<i> cryptarum</i>","taxonomicComments":"Subgenus: <i>Bombus.</i><br /><br />Williams et al. (2012), based on multicontinental genetic studies of this subgenus, concluded that much of what had been called <i>B. lucorum</i>, including all North American populations, is actually conspecific with <i>Bombus (Bombus) cryptarum</i>, which ranges across much of Europe and Asia into western North America. All North American records for <i>B. lucorum</i> or <i>B. moderatus</i> are transferred to this species. <i>B. moderatus</i> becomes a synonym of <i>B. cryptarum</i>. McKendrick et al. (2017) supports the view that the <i>lucorum </i>complex comprises three morphologically cryptic but reproductively isolated species: <i>B. cryptarum</i>, <i>B. lucorum</i> s. str. and <i>B. magnus</i> (of Europe).<br /><br />The identification of this species can be very difficult and confusions could occur with <i>B. magnus</i> and <i>B. lucorum</i>. The actual and modelled distribution might be potentially blurred by numerous identification mistakes (Rasmont et al. 2015).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2018-04-07","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Schweitzer, D.F. (2012); Ormes M. and Sears, N. (2018)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":878430,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":878434,"subnation":{"id":60,"nameEn":"Alberta","nameEs":"Alberta","nameFr":"Alberta","subnationCode":"AB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":878434,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":878435,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":878435,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1035241,"subnation":{"id":227,"nameEn":"Nunavut","nameEs":"Nunavut","nameFr":"Nunavut","subnationCode":"NU","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1035241,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":878436,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","subnationCode":"NT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":878436,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1035242,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1035242,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":878437,"subnation":{"id":93,"nameEn":"Yukon Territory","nameEs":"Territorio del Yukón","nameFr":"Territoire du Yukon","subnationCode":"YT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":878437,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1204113,"subnation":{"id":70,"nameEn":"Saskatchewan","nameEs":"Saskatchewan","nameFr":"Saskatchewan","subnationCode":"SK","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1204113,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2023,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":878430,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":878428,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":878431,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":878431,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2018,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":878428,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:59:23.312593Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.878427/Bombus_cryptarum","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2012-08-24","grankReviewDate":"2018-03-12","grankReasons":"This is one of the most widespread bumble bees in the world. It is common in much of its range, including the North American portion. It is not known to be declining seriously in places where habitats remain. There are no known threats.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":878427,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":11,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Unknown","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Desconocido","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":7,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Unknown","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Desconocido","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"longTermTrend":{"id":40,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","longTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","longTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"According to Williams et al. (2012)<i> B.(B.) cryptarum </i>is the most widespread species of the subgenus and extends across much of Europe into Central Asia, north China, the Kuril Islands, the east coast of Russia, and north-western North America. In North America this species occurs in Alaska and western Canada southeast to about Banff. Detailed distribution information for this species in China is lacking.<br /><br />The historical range extent of this species in North America is estimated at 5,716,490 km², and the extent of current (2008-2017) observations is 3,003,112 km². Controlling for larger historical sample size, the range of this species has declined by an estimated 30% in North America. The range extent of this species in Europe and Asia is not well described, in part due to difficulty in distinguishing it from close relatives in the B. lucorum group.","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":91,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"126-2,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 126 a 2.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 126 à 2 500","bioticsKey":38},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Considering all available historical data, the historical (i.e., observations before 2008) Area of Occupancy for this species in North America was 416 km². The recent period AOO is 644 km², an increase of 112% when controlling for larger historical sample size. The historical and current AOO for the species in Eurasia is not known.","numberEosComments":"In the recent period (2008-2017), 115 occurrences (i.e., observations separated from others by &gt;5 km) of this species have been reported in North America, a 72% increase over historical occurrences when controlling for larger historical sample size.The historical and current number of occurrences for the species in Eurasia are not known.","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Like other North American bumble bees, <i>B. cryptarum</i> (= <i>B. moderatus</i>) is affected by the parasite <i>Nosema bombi</i> Koch (2011). <i>N. bombi</i> is thought to have played a role in the declines of closely related species (e.g., <i>B. affinis</i>), and it could have negative effects on <i>B. cryptarum</i>. However, this species is currently thought to be expanding its range (Owen et al. 2012).<br /><br />Given its apparent ecological niche in alpine and boreal ecosystems, this species may be differentially susceptible to negative effects of climate change, and should be monitored in this context (Kerr et al. 2015; Rasmont et al. 2015).","shortTermTrendComments":"The available collections and observational data do not allow us to estimate short-term (2008-2017) trends for this species.","longTermTrendComments":"In North America, relative abundance in recent collections (2008-2017) has increased by 3% from historic highs, or by 109% when compared to long term averages. The long-term trend for the species in Eurasia is not known.<br /><br />Rasmont et al. (2015) analyzed European bumble bee distribution against three different climate change scenarios. For <i>Bombus cryptarum</i>, all scenarios project a reduction of suitable habitat area by 2050, especially in the lowlands of west and central Europe and by 2100 all scenarios project that the suitable climatic conditions would persist only in mountains of South Europe, Fennoscandia, Ireland and Scotland (and not even in these latter areas following the most severe climate change scenario they used).","inventoryNeeds":"North American populations should be monitored considering the severity of declines of other species in the same subgenus.","numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs in protected areas in Europe, and is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following two European countries: Czech Republic (Critically Endangered); Germany (Data Deficient) (reviewed in Rasmont et al. 2014) (Hatfield et al. 2016) .","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":878427,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Example food plants include <i>Epilobium</i>, <i>Melilotus</i>, <i>Potentilla</i>, <i>Senecio</i> (Williams et al. 2014).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156479,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"North American Bumble Bees","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"None.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":"EOs can be based on an observation of any bee (queen, worker, male). If a Queen is observed the nest can be assumed to be within a few kilometres (likely a few hundred metres) of the observation. When using photographs to document an occurrence, identification should be confirmed by an expert.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Dispersal occurs primarily in spring by queens while searching for suitable nest sites (Goulson 2010a). There is evidence that bumble bees are able to disperse relatively long distances, at least between 2.6 and 10 km from the colony of origin (Kraus et al. 2008, Stout and Goulson 2000, Lepais et al. 2010).","versionDate":"2020-10-30","versionAuthor":"Canadian EO Specifications Working Group with expertise provided from Syd Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:18:28.025842Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":878427,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Additional research should be conducted to determine the population trends of this species in Europe, and the status of this species in Asia (Hatfield et al. 2016).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":190358,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:45:37.498053Z"}],"references":[{"id":660844,"citation":"Abbott, V. A., J. L. Nadeau, H. A. Higo, and M. L. Winston. 2008. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of imidacloprid on <i>Osmia lignaria</i> and clothianidin on <i>Megachile rotundata</i> (Hymenoptera: Megachildae). Journal of Economic Entomology 101:784-796.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abbott et al.","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"A08ABB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:28:11.755873Z"},{"id":1005739,"citation":"Alaska Center for Conservation Science (ACCS). 2016. Program Pollinator Conservation Status. University of Alaska Anchorage. Online. Available: http://accs.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/pollinator-conservation-status/","shortCitationAuthor":"Alaska Center for Conservation Science (ACCS)","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"W16ALA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:34:03.777039Z"},{"id":992793,"citation":"Environment and Natural Resources. 2017. A field guide to bumble bees of the Northwest Territories. Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. Yellowknife, NT. 64 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Environment and Natural Resources (ENR)","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"N17ENR01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:35:28.449952Z"},{"id":760110,"citation":"Hatfield, R., S. Colla, S. Jepsen, L. Richardson, R. Thorp, and S. F. Jordan. 2014. IUCN assessments for North American Bombus spp. Technical report for the North American IUCN Bumble Bee Specialist Group. Assessments completed 2014, document updated in February 2015. 56 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hatfield et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"R14HAT01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:28:11.724613Z"},{"id":992771,"citation":"Hatfield, R., S. Jepsen, R. Thorp, L. Richardson, and S. Colla. 2016. <i>Bombus cryptarum</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13340340A46440146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13340340A46440146.en. Downloaded on 13 March 2018.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hatfield et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"W16HAT01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:55:28.162894Z"},{"id":760832,"citation":"Kerr, J. T., A. Pindar, P. Galpern, L. Packer, S.G. Potts, S.M. Roberts, P. Rasmont, O. Schweiger, S.R. Colla, L.L. Richardson, D.L. Wagner, L.F. Gall, D.S. Sikes and A. Pantoja. 2015. Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents. Science 349(6244):177-180.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kerr et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15KER01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:34:27.902357Z"},{"id":672504,"citation":"Koch, J. B. 2011. The decline and conservation status of North American bumble bees. Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1015. Online. Available: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1015.","shortCitationAuthor":"Koch","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"U11KOC01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:34:27.886843Z"},{"id":712929,"citation":"Koch, J. B., and J. Strange. 2012. The status of <i>Bombus occidentalis</i> and <i>B. moderatus</i> in Alaska with special focus on <i>Nosema bombi</i> incidence. Northwest Science 86(3):212-220.","shortCitationAuthor":"Koch and Strange","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12KOC01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:28:11.755873Z"},{"id":992760,"citation":"McKendrick, L., J. Provan, Ú. Fitzpatrick, M. J Brown, T. E. Murray, E. Stolle, and R. J. Paxton. 2017. Microsatellite analysis supports the existence of three cryptic species within the bumble bee <i>Bombus</i> <i>lucorum </i>sensu lato. Conservation Genetics 18(3):573-584.","shortCitationAuthor":"McKendrick et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17MCK01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:55:28.162894Z"},{"id":999145,"citation":"Owen, R.E., M.C. Otterstatter, R.V. Cartar, A. Farmer, S.R. Colla, and N. O’Toole. 2012. Significant expansion of the distribution of the bumble bee <i>Bombus moderatus</i> (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Alberta over 20 years. Canadian Journal of Zoology 90(1):133–138.","shortCitationAuthor":"Owen, et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12OWE01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:55:28.162894Z"},{"id":760157,"citation":"Pampell, R., D. Sikes, A. Pantoja, P. Holloway, C. Knight, and R. Ranft. 2015. Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: <i>Bombus</i> spp.) of Interior Alaska: species composition, distribution, seasonal biology, and parasites. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e5085. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e5085","shortCitationAuthor":"Pampell et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15PAM01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:34:03.761378Z"},{"id":992759,"citation":"Rasmont P., M. Franzén, T. Lecocq, A. Harpke, S. P. M. Roberts, J. C. Biesmeijer, L. Castro, B. Cederberg, L. Dvorák, Ú. Fitzpatrick, Y. Gonseth, E. Haubruge, G. Mahé, A. Manino, D. Michez, J. Neumayer, F. Ødegaard, J. Paukkunen, T. Pawlikowski, S. G. Potts, M. Reemer, J. Settele, J. Straka, and O. Schweiger. 2015. Climatic risk and distribution atlas of European bumblebees. Biorisk 10 (Special Issue). 246 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rasmont et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15RAS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:55:28.162894Z"},{"id":678154,"citation":"Schweitzer, D.F., N.A. Capuano, B.E. Young and S.R. Colla. 2012. Conservation and management of North American bumble bees. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, and USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 17 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schweitzer et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"N12SCH01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:28:11.724613Z"},{"id":630280,"citation":"Williams, P. H. 2008a. <i>Bombus</i>, bumblebees of the world. Static copy of web pages based on Williams, P.H. 1998. An annotated checklist of bumblebees with an analysis of patterns of description (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology) 67:79-152. [website now defunct]","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"W08WIL01EHUS","lastModified":"2025-12-05T23:06:14.829115Z"},{"id":712625,"citation":"Williams, P. H., M. J. F. Brown, J. C. Carolan, J. An, D. Goulson, A. M. Aytekin, L. R. Best, A. M. Byvaltsev, B. Cederberg, R. Dawson, J. Huang, M. Ito, A. Monfared, R. H. Raina, P. Schmid-Hempel, C. S. Sheffield, P. ima, and Z. Xie. 2012. Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus <i>Bombus </i>s. str. worldwide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 10(1):21-56.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12WIL02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:34:27.886843Z"},{"id":756831,"citation":"Williams, P.H., R.W. Thorp, L.L. Richardson, and S.R. Colla. 2014b. Bumble bees of North America: an Identification Guide. 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