{"elementGlobalId":857735,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pseudacris hypochondriaca</i>","scientificName":"Pseudacris hypochondriaca","scientificNameAuthor":"(Hallowell, 1854)","primaryCommonName":"Baja California Treefrog","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pseudacris hypochondriaca</i> (Hallowell, 1854) (TSN 774546)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.857735","elcode":"AAABC05180","conceptRefFullCitation":"Recuero, E., I. Martínez-Solano, G. Parra-Olea, and M. García-París. 2006a. Phylogeography of <i>Pseudacris regilla</i> (Anura: Hylida) in western North America, with a proposal for a new taxonomic rearrangement. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:293-304. [Taxonomic errors in this publication were corrected by Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París. 2006. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41:511.]","conceptName":"<i>Pseudacris hypochondriaca</i>","taxonomicComments":"Recuero et al. (2006a) examined patterns of mtDNA variation (including new samples and additional samples presented by Ripplinger and Wagner (2004) and reviewed available allozyme data for <i>Pseudacris regilla</i> (sensu lato). They concluded that <i>P. regilla</i> should be partitioned into three species, <i>P. regilla</i>, <i>P. sierra</i>, and <i>P. hypochondriaca</i> (the original proposal included different names based on taxonomic errors that were subsequently corrected). The authors did not provide detailed maps or descriptions of the ranges of the three proposed species and did not describe the contact zones between<i> P. sierra</i> and the other two species. Subsequent nuclear DNA data (Barrow et al. 2014) did not support the taxonomy proposed by Recuero et al. (2006). Jadin et al. (2021) provided a molecular analysis that supported the species distinction (as <i>Hyliola</i>) of <i>Pseudacris regilla</i>, <i>P. sierra</i>, and P. <i>hypochondriaca</i>. Holycross (2022), following arguments by Barrow et al. (2014), await a more thorough analysis based on nuclear markers and extensive sampling in contact zones before recognizing multiple species in this clade.<br/><br/>Based on a re-analysis of previously published molecular data, Duellman et al. (2016) restricted the name <i>Pseudacris </i>to eastern and Rocky Mountain species, and allocated the western species, <i>P. cadaverina</i>, <i>P. hypochondriaca,</i> <i>P. regilla</i>, and <i>P. sierra</i> to the genus <i>Hyliola</i>. Based on genome-wide nDNA data, Banker et al. (2020) argued that <i>Hyliola </i>should not be recognized because (a) the genus <i>Pseudacris</i> already is a monophyletic taxon without the change, and (b) the geographic separation rationale cited by Duellman et al. (2016) is insufficient as the sole criterion for splitting a long recognized monophyletic clade, causing unnecessary taxonomic instability. Use of <i>Hyliola </i>has not gained any traction in the systematic community, presumably because of the small number of species involved (Nicholson 2025).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":857736,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":857747,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":857747,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1332112,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1332112,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":857749,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":857749,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":885766,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":885766,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":857736,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:54:37.535602Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.857735/Pseudacris_hypochondriaca","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2008-11-03","grankReviewDate":"2016-08-31","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":857735,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Under the taxonomic arrangement proposed by Recuero et al. (2006), the distribution of this species presumably would extend from southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah (extirpated?), and western Arizona south to southern Baja California (Recuero et al. did not provide distributional details).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations (as defined by IUCN).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"In some water systems west of San Ignacio, Baja California, there is evidence that this species is being displaced by bullfrogs (<i>Lithobates catesbeianus</i>) (see Grismer 2002).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":857735,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":null,"localMigrant":null,"longDistanceMigrant":null,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":null,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1108,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Hylid Frogs (Treefrogs)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to distance from breeding sites.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; intensive urban development dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking suitable vegetated frog refuges.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information is limited but indicates that hylids generally exhibit limited movements on a short-term basis. In New Jersey, Freda and Morin (1984) and Freda and Gonzalez (1986) demonstrated that individual Hyla andersonii often travel distances of 100 m from breeding ponds during the nonbreeding season. In montane Colorado, Spencer (1964) found that Pseudacris triseriata range into wet meadows usually within about 700 m of their breeding sites and sometimes cross a few hundred meters of upland habitat. Kay (1989) determined that most Pseudacris cadaverina individuals range over small segments of streamcourse; 83 percent of movements were less than 25 m in a 1-year study. In Michigan, nonbreeding home range diameters of Pseudacris crucifer, established around forest debris and vegetation, ranged from 1.2 to 5.5 m (Delzell 1958). <br><br>Based on this information it appears that 1 km is an appropriate separation distance for unsuitable habitat. Despite limited data suggesting restricted movements, dispersal data are scant, and these frogs are clearly physically capable of long moves. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:11.316048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":857735,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":183959,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:39:16.195578Z"}],"references":[{"id":1101960,"citation":"Banker, S. E., A. R. Lemmon, A. B. Hassinger, S. D. Holland, M. L. Kortyna, O. E. Ospina, H. Ralicki, and E. M. Lemmon. 2020. Hierarchical hybrid enrichment: Multitiered genomic data collection across evolutionary scales, with application to Chorus Frogs (<i>Pseudacris</i>). Systematic Biology 69:756-773.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banker et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T06:16:20.495209Z"},{"id":758071,"citation":"Barrow, L. N., H. F. Ralicki, S. A. Emme, E. M. Lemmon. 2014. Species tree estimation of North American chorus frogs (Hylidae: <i>Pseudacris</i>) with parallel tagged amplicon sequencing. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75:78-90.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barrow et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T05:34:05.45228Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":767107,"citation":"Duellman, W. E., A. B. Marion, and S. B. Hedges. 2016. Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae). Zootaxa 4104: 1–109.","shortCitationAuthor":"Duellman et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16DUE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:50.683118Z"},{"id":1147591,"citation":"Faivovich, J., M. O. Pereyra, M. C. Luna, A. Hertz, B. L. Blotto, C. R. Vásquez-Almazán, J. R. McCranie, D. A. Sánchez, D. Baêta, K. Araujo-Vieira, G. Köhler, B. Kubicki, J. A. Campbell, D. R. Frost, W. C. Wheeler, and C. F. B. Haddad. 2018. On the monophyly and relationships of several genera of Hylini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae), with comments on recent taxonomic changes in hylids. South American Journal of Herpetology 13:1–32.","shortCitationAuthor":"Faivovich et al.","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"A18FAI01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T01:25:00.068731Z"},{"id":650580,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 2010. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.4 (8 April 2010). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. ","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"W10FRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":463781,"citation":"Grismer, L. L. 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of Baja California including its Pacific islands and islands in the Sea of Cortes.  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