{"elementGlobalId":857719,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pseudacris regilla</i>","scientificName":"Pseudacris regilla","scientificNameAuthor":"(Baird and Girard, 1852)","primaryCommonName":"Pacific Treefrog","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pseudacris regilla</i> (Baird and Girard, 1852) (TSN 207313)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.857719","elcode":"AAABC05100","conceptRefFullCitation":"Recuero, E., I. Martínez-Solano, G. Parra-Olea, and M. García-París. 2006a. Phylogeography of <i>Pseudacris regilla</i> (Anura: Hylida) in western North America, with a proposal for a new taxonomic rearrangement. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39:293-304. [Taxonomic errors in this publication were corrected by Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París. 2006. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41:511.]","conceptName":"<i>Pseudacris regilla</i>","taxonomicComments":"Recuero et al. (2006a) examined patterns of mtDNA variation (including new samples and additional samples presented by Ripplinger and Wagner (2004) and reviewed available allozyme data for <i>Pseudacris regilla</i> (sensu lato). They concluded that <i>P. regilla</i> should be partitioned into three species, <i>P. regilla</i>, <i>P. sierra</i>, and <i>P. hypochondriaca</i> (the original proposal included different names based on taxonomic errors that were subsequently corrected). The authors did not provide detailed maps or descriptions of the ranges of the three proposed species and did not describe the contact zones between<i> P. sierra</i> and the other two species. Subsequent nuclear DNA data (Barrow et al. 2014) did not support the taxonomy proposed by Recuero et al. (2006). Jadin et al. (2021) provided a molecular analysis that supported the species distinction (as <i>Hyliola</i>) of <i>Pseudacris regilla</i>, <i>P. sierra</i>, and P. <i>hypochondriaca</i>. Holycross (2022), following arguments by Barrow et al. (2014), await a more thorough analysis based on nuclear markers and extensive sampling in contact zones before recognizing multiple species in this clade.<br/><br/>Based on a re-analysis of previously published molecular data, Duellman et al. (2016) restricted the name <i>Pseudacris </i>to eastern and Rocky Mountain species, and allocated the western species, <i>P. cadaverina</i>, <i>P. hypochondriaca,</i> <i>P. regilla</i>, and <i>P. sierra</i> to the genus <i>Hyliola</i>. Based on genome-wide nDNA data, Banker et al. (2020) argued that <i>Hyliola </i>should not be recognized because (a) the genus <i>Pseudacris</i> already is a monophyletic taxon without the change, and (b) the geographic separation rationale cited by Duellman et al. (2016) is insufficient as the sole criterion for splitting a long recognized monophyletic clade, causing unnecessary taxonomic instability. Use of <i>Hyliola </i>has not gained any traction in the systematic community, presumably because of the small number of species involved (Nicholson 2025).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2016-08-31","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":857729,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":857730,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":857730,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2022,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":857729,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":857720,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":857738,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":857738,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":877806,"subnation":{"id":33,"nameEn":"Montana","nameEs":"Montana","nameFr":"Montana","subnationCode":"MT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":877806,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":857722,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":857722,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":857728,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":857728,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":857726,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":857726,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2008,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":857720,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:54:36.548605Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.857719/Pseudacris_regilla","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-11-13","grankReviewDate":"2016-08-31","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":857719,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range of <i>P. regilla</i> (sensu lato) extends from southern British Columbia in Canada southward through the United States to southern Baja California, Mexico, and east to Montana, Idaho, and Nevada. The species also occurs on the Channel Islands off southern California (Stebbins 2003). Desert populations in southern California probably were introduced, as were some populations in Arizona. An introduced population occurs in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia (Reimchen 1990), Canada, and on Revillagigedo Island in Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, where it was introduced in 1960 and is breeding (Waters 1992, Hodge 2004). Overall elevational range extends from sea level to around 3,540 meters (Stebbins 2003).<br /><br />Under the taxonomic arrangement proposed by Recuero et al. (2006), the distributions of the species in the <i>P. regilla</i> complex presumably would be approximately as follows (Recuero et al. did not provide distributional details):<br /><br /><i>P. regilla</i>: extreme southern Alaska (introduced), British Columbia, Washington, western Oregon, and northern California.<br /><br /><i>P. sierra</i>: central California, Nevada, eastern Oregon, Idaho, western Montana, and presumably extreme northwestern Utah (extirpated?).<br /><br /><i>P. hypochondriaca</i>: southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah (extirpated?), and western Arizona south to southern Baja California.<br /><br />This frog is well distributed along 90 km of the lower Colorado River and its backwaters from Davis Camp, just below Davis Dam, to Castle Rock in upper Lake Havasu, but the native versus exotic status of these populations is unclear (Rorabaugh et al. 2004). In Arizona, this species has been recorded as an apparent introduction at Middle Spring and a nearby stock tank in the Virgin Mountains, Mohave County, and at two central Arizona plant nurseries (Rorabaugh et al. 2004). It persisted for at least 19 years and successfully bred at one nursery, where it was reportedly introduced on ornamental plants imported from San Diego (Rorabaugh et al. 2004).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100,000. The specoies is widely distributed and common in the Pacific Northwest (Leonard et al. 1993).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"In most areas this species faces no major threats. It lives and breeds in a large number of natural and highly altered habitats. Introduced mosquitofish (<i>Gambusia</i>) prey heavily on larvae and may negatively affect local populations (Goodsell and Kats 1999). However, this is not a pervasive threat. In lakes in the Sierra Nevada, distribution and abundance were negatively related to non-native trout presence (Matthews et al. 2001).","shortTermTrendComments":"Population trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain, but overall distribution and abundance probably have been stable to slightly declining.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs in a large number of protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":857719,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Individuals migrate up to several hundred meters between breeding sites and nonbreeding upland habitats.","foodHabitsComments":"Known to eat beetles, flies, spiders, ants, and ispopods, etc. Larvae scape periphyton off rocks, eat filamentous algae and epiphytic diatoms in floating mats, bottom feed on benthic detritus, and surface feed on films of diatoms and pollen (Kupferberg et al., Copeia 1994:446-457).","animalPhenologyComments":"Like many terrestrial amphibians, these frogs are inactive during freezing weather and extreme drought.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":5,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103531,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106515,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106516,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1108,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Hylid Frogs (Treefrogs)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to distance from breeding sites.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; intensive urban development dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking suitable vegetated frog refuges.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information is limited but indicates that hylids generally exhibit limited movements on a short-term basis. In New Jersey, Freda and Morin (1984) and Freda and Gonzalez (1986) demonstrated that individual Hyla andersonii often travel distances of 100 m from breeding ponds during the nonbreeding season. In montane Colorado, Spencer (1964) found that Pseudacris triseriata range into wet meadows usually within about 700 m of their breeding sites and sometimes cross a few hundred meters of upland habitat. Kay (1989) determined that most Pseudacris cadaverina individuals range over small segments of streamcourse; 83 percent of movements were less than 25 m in a 1-year study. In Michigan, nonbreeding home range diameters of Pseudacris crucifer, established around forest debris and vegetation, ranged from 1.2 to 5.5 m (Delzell 1958). <br><br>Based on this information it appears that 1 km is an appropriate separation distance for unsuitable habitat. Despite limited data suggesting restricted movements, dispersal data are scant, and these frogs are clearly physically capable of long moves. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:11.316048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":857719,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":182470,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:39:15.773651Z"}],"references":[{"id":1101960,"citation":"Banker, S. E., A. R. Lemmon, A. B. Hassinger, S. D. Holland, M. L. Kortyna, O. E. Ospina, H. Ralicki, and E. M. Lemmon. 2020. Hierarchical hybrid enrichment: Multitiered genomic data collection across evolutionary scales, with application to Chorus Frogs (<i>Pseudacris</i>). Systematic Biology 69:756-773.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banker et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T06:16:20.495209Z"},{"id":758071,"citation":"Barrow, L. N., H. F. Ralicki, S. A. Emme, E. M. Lemmon. 2014. Species tree estimation of North American chorus frogs (Hylidae: <i>Pseudacris</i>) with parallel tagged amplicon sequencing. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75:78-90.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barrow et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T05:34:05.45228Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. 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Canadian Field Naturalist 105:288-290.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reimchen","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90REI03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:50:18.799108Z"},{"id":619480,"citation":"Ripplinger, J. I., and R. S. Wagner. 2004. Phylogeography of northern populations of the Pacific treefrog, <i>Pseudacris regilla</i>. Northwestern Naturalist 85:118-125.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ripplinger and Wagner","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04RIP01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:49:22.548112Z"},{"id":447562,"citation":"Rorabaugh, J. C., J. M. Howland, and R. D. Babb. 2004. Distribution and habitat use of the Pacific treefrog (<i>Pseudacris regilla</i>) on the lower Colorado River and in Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 49:94-99.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rorabaugh et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04ROR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:50:18.799108Z"},{"id":100966,"citation":"Schaub, D. L., and J. H. Larsen, Jr. 1978. The reproductive ecology of the Pacific treefrog (<i>Hyla regilla</i>). Herpetologica 34(4); 409-416.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schaub and Larsen","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"A78SCH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:50:18.784742Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":1116516,"citation":"Washington Herp Atlas. 2009 (map products updated March 2017). 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Great Basin Nat. 53:379-384.","shortCitationAuthor":"Weitzel and Panik","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93WEI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:50:18.784742Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":141892,"name":"Pacific Chorus Frog","language":"EN"},{"id":145428,"name":"Pacific treefrog","language":"EN"},{"id":189342,"name":"Rainette du Pacifique","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":857719,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Anura","family":"Hylidae","genus":"Pseudacris","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":115263,"synonym":"Hyla regilla","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Hyla regilla</i>"},{"id":146029,"synonym":"Hyliola regilla","synonymAuthor":"(Baird and Girard, 1852)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Hyliola regilla</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":"EBAR857719","ebarCanadianScope":true,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000737"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":857719,"reproductionComments":"Breeding occurs generally in winter or spring (sometimes in summer), with the earliest breeding occurring in lowland areas in the southern part of the range: mid-May to early August in northern California, January-June in southern California, late April-early May in northern Idaho. Eggs are laid in packets of about 20-80, hatch in 3-5 weeks in western Oregon. Larvae metamorphose into tiny frogs within about 2-3 months. In northern Idaho, metamorphosis occurred in mid- to late summer (Schaub and Larsen 1978). Most breeders are at least 2 years old, but some individuals may mature in less than 1 year in western Oregon (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Multiple clutches per year have been documented in southern California (Perrill and Daniel 1983).<br /><br />Calling frequently occurs outside the breeding season and far away from breeding sites. <br /><br />","ecologyComments":"Weitzel and Panik (1993) reported on a northwestern Nevada population that exibited long-term persistence despite periodic catastrophic flooding and stream dry-ups that prevented successful reproduction in some years. <br /><br />Larvae are preyed upon by carnivorous aquatic insects, bullfrogs, garter snakes, and many birds and mammals. 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