{"elementGlobalId":818066,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Phoenicopterus ruber</i>","scientificName":"Phoenicopterus ruber","scientificNameAuthor":"Linnaeus, 1758","primaryCommonName":"American Flamingo","relatedItisNames":"<i>Phoenicopterus ruber</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (TSN 174976)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.818066","elcode":"ABNHA01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"The American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). Banks, R.C., R.T. Chesser, C. Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2008. Forty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 125(3):758-768.","conceptName":"<i>Phoenicopterus ruber</i>","taxonomicComments":"This species formerly included <i>P. roseus</i> Pallas, 1811 [Greater Flamingo] but is now separated on the basis of differences in color and plumage and bill, and in displays and vocalizations (Sangster 1997). This changes was adopted by AOU (2008).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-07-28","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2009); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":818067,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":818068,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":818068,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":818074,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":818074,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":2002,"nrank":"N1N","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":818067,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:47:28.474431Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.818066/Phoenicopterus_ruber","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2009-05-04","grankReviewDate":"2025-07-28","grankReasons":"This species is widespread through the Caribbean and northern South America. There are four main breeding sites and several satellite breeding sites with much smaller population sizes. The population size and non-breeding distribution are both increasing thanks to conservation efforts. The population still faces some threats from human disturbance and illegal subsistence hunting.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":818066,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":1,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Très étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":31,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30-50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":6,"numberEosDescEn":"6 - 20","numberEosDescEs":"De 6 a 20","numberEosDescFr":"De 6 à 20"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":12,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Few (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Pocos (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Peu (de 4 à 12)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":10,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several (4-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Unos pocos casos (4 a 12) protegidos y debidamente controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Quelques occurrences (de 4 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":44,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Increase of >10%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Aumento de >10%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Augmentation de >10 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species has been documented breeding in Bahamas, Bonaire, Cuba, Ecuador (Galapagos Islands), México (Yucatán Peninsula), and Venezuela (Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020). It is a presumed breeder in Colombia, Curaçao, Turks and Caicos Islands, though breeding has not been definitively documented in these three countries (Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020).<br/><br/>The non-breeding season includes the entirety of the breeding range in addition to much of the remaining Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guyana, Suriname, and the mainland United States (Florida) (Whitfield et al. 2018, Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020). While this species has long been considered a Florida native, there is a lack of evidence for historical breeding in the state; therefore, it is considered a non-breeding visitor (Whitfield et al. 2018).<br/><br/>There are also many records of vagrants as far north as Canada, as far west as California, and as far southeast as French Guiana (Mendoza et al. 2013, Whitfield et al. 2018, Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020). However, these extralimital records likely do not represent occurrences.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are four major breeding colonies: Great Inagua, Bahamas; Archipelago de Camaguey, Cuba; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, Mexico; Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles; plus a few additional sites with smaller nesting populations (Ogilvie and Ogilvie 1986, Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020).","popSizeComments":"Global population size is uncertain, but is over 500,000 individuals (Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020).","viabilityComments":"Minimally, the four major breeding sites and the breeding site in the Galapagos likely have good viability (Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020).","threatImpactComments":"Threats include subsistence hunting, pollution, and other forms of human disturbance. Subsistence hunting, though illegal, continues in limited quantities in some places (Wiley and Wiley 1979, Sanz D'Angelo 2019, Timyan et al. 2024). Rather than causing direct population declines from harvest, hunting is more likely to be an indirect threat by causing abandonment of otherwise suitable habitats. The same is true for human disturbances (Wiley and Wiley 1979, Ottenwalder et al 1990). In particular, motorized tour boats have been shown to increase alertness and decrease feeding times (Espino-Barros and Baldassarre 1989a, Galicia and Baldassarre 1997). In places where hunting of other species occurs, ingestion of lead shot can poison flamingos (Schmitz et al. 1990). Habitat loss is generally no longer a threat.","shortTermTrendComments":"Thanks to habitat protections and protections from hunting, this species has been increasing throughout the range since the 1990s (Baldasarre and Arengo 2000, Espinoza et al. 2000, Sanz D’Angelo 2019, Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020, Timyan et al. 2024).","longTermTrendComments":"This species declined extensively throughout the range in the 1800s and early 1900s due to hunting and habitat loss (Ottenwalder et al. 1990, Baldasarre and Arengo 2000, Espinoza et al. 2000,Schmitz et al. 1990, Sanz D’Angelo 2019, Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020, Timyan et al. 2024).","inventoryNeeds":"Range-wide same-season surveys are needed to better assess population size and trends.","numberProtEosComments":"The four major breeding sites and the breeding site in the Galapagos are protected (Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020). There are also multiple non-breeding occurrences in protected sites throughout the range (Torres-Cristiani et al. 2020).","protectionNeeds":"Baldassare and Arengo (2000) concluded that in Yucatán, Mexico, a regional planning approach is needed to maintain the natural hydrology of the area, which creates the conditions that provide pulses of available feeding and nesting habitat for flamingos. Such a landscape-level planning approach is essential and well within the capabilities of the local, state, national, and international organizations concerned with protecting the coastal wetlands of Yucatán. Ecotourism associated with viewing flamingos is also substantial, especially in Celestún, and needs to be managed to minimize disturbance to the birds.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is vulnerable to disturbances from predators and humans and will abandon sites that are otherwise suitable (Espino-Barros and Baldassarre 1989, Galicia and Baldassarre 1997).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species requires shallow saltwater lagoons for foraging and nesting (del Hoyo et al. 2024)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":818066,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"See Espino-Barros and Baldassarre (1989) for information on migration chronology in Yucatan, Mexico, where flamingos breed in the Rio Lagartos Estuary on the north coast and winter primarily about 280 km away on the Celestun Estuary on the west coast.","foodHabitsComments":"Filter feeder. In Yucatan, Mexico, dominant foods were gastropods, muskgrass bulbils, crustaceans, and chironomids (Arengo and Baldassarre 1995, Condor 97:325-334).","animalPhenologyComments":"In coastal salinas of Venezuela, most birds fed in large flocks in early morning, roosted at mid-day, and resumed feeding in late afternoon-early evening (Bildstein et al. 1991).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106434,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106435,"foodHabits":{"id":5,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Granivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Granívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Granivore","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1047,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Wading Birds","subtypes":"Breeding Colony, Foraging Area","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"A low mean foraging range size for this group.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Small heron colonies (rookeries or heronries) are often ephemeral in nature; recommend tracking rookeries which maintain a minimum of 15 active nests over 2-3 years. Where concentrations of non-breeding individuals occur within the boundaries of a breeding occurrence (especially if augmented by migrants), consider creating a separate occurrence with Location Use Class 'Nonbreeding.'","mappingGuidance":"Map Foraging Areas in separate polygons from the breeding colony if they are separated from the colony by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Occurrences include breeding colonies and foraging areas, but the separation distance pertains to breediing colonies. Hence, difference occurrences may overlap. Unsuitable habitat: upland areas, except those known to be used regularly for foraging (e.g., meadows used by great egrets).<br><br>Separation distance is an arbitrary compromise between the high mobility of these birds and the need for occurrences of practical size for conservation planning. Occurrences do not necessarily represent discrete populations or metapopulations.<br><br>Colony fidelity low in some species (e.g. Roseate Spoonbill, Dumas 2000; Glossy Ibis, Davis and Kricher 2000). <br><br>Feeding areas associated with a breeding colony (i.e. different features of the same occurrence) may be a number of kilometers away from the colony: averaging 12 kilometers for Roseate Spoonbill (Dumas 2000); 7.3 kilometers for Glossy Ibis (Davis and Kricher 2000); 2.8 to more than 5 kilometers for Snowy Egrets (Smith 1995).","versionDate":"2004-10-28","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:51.643852Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1048,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Wading Birds","subtypes":"Roost, Foraging area","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on foraging ranges from breeding rookeries.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of flocks of non-breeding birds (including historical), including non-breeding birds within the breeding season and breeding individuals outside the breeding season; and potential recurring presence at a given location. Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 10 birds occur regularly for at least 20 days per year would be deemed occurrences. Be cautious about creating occurrences for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:51.643852Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":818066,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"More research is needed on threats.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":179295,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:29:02.077166Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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Condor 97:325-334.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arengo and Baldassare","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95ARE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:38:59.882428Z"},{"id":644757,"citation":"Arengo, F. and G. A. Baldassarre.  1999.  Resource variability and conservation of American flamingos in coastal wetlands of Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1201-1212.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arengo and Baldassarre","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99ARE02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:38:59.882428Z"},{"id":235082,"citation":"Arengo, F. and G. A. Baldassarre.  2002.  Patch choice and foraging behavior of nonbreeding American Flamingos in Yucatán, Mexico.  Condor 104:452-457.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arengo and Baldassarre","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02ARE02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:38:59.882428Z"},{"id":644751,"citation":"Baldassare, G. A., and F. Arengo. 2000. 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