{"elementGlobalId":817747,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>","scientificName":"Phrynosoma platyrhinos","scientificNameAuthor":"Girard, 1852","primaryCommonName":"Desert Horned Lizard","relatedItisNames":"<i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i> Girard, 1852 (TSN 173943)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.817747","elcode":"ARACF12060","conceptRefFullCitation":"Mulcahy, D. G., A. W. Spaulding, J. R. Mendelson, III, and E. D. Brodie, Jr. 2006. Phylogeography of the flat-tailed horned lizard (<i>Phrynosoma mcallii)</i> and systematics of the <i>P. mcallii-platyrhinos</i> mtDNA complex. Molecular Ecology 15(7):1807-1826.","conceptName":"<i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>","taxonomicComments":"Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequences by Mulcahy et al. (2006; see also Jezkova et al. 2016) raised the possibility that lizards currently assigned to this species from the Yuma Proving Ground (southwestern Arizona) represent a separate, unnamed species; however, that possibility is contradicted by the results of Farleigh et al. (2021) (Nicholson 2025).<br/><br/>Farleigh et al. (2021) presented evidence from phylogeographic analyses of nuclear SNP data that <i>P. goodei</i>, previously recognized based on mtDNA phylogeny (Mulcahy et al. 2006), is part of one of three genetic clusters within <i>P. platyrhinos</i>, although they did not propose taxonomic unification (Nicholson 2025).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2023-07-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2016); rev. R. L. Gundy (2023)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":817748,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":817753,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":817753,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":817749,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":817749,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":817754,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":817754,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":817752,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":817752,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":817750,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":817750,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":817751,"subnation":{"id":18,"nameEn":"Idaho","nameEs":"Idaho","nameFr":"Idaho","subnationCode":"ID","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":817751,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":817748,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:47:25.082469Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.817747/Phrynosoma_platyrhinos","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2023-07-23","grankReviewDate":"2023-07-23","grankReasons":"Desert horned lizards range from southeastern Oregon and southwestern Iowa in the western United States to Baja California in northwestern Mexico. They are relatively common and populations are stable. There have been modest historical declines. It continues to be threatened by habitat degradation due to livestock grazing, invasive grasses, off-road vehicle use, urbanization, and vehicle strikes.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":817747,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range of the desert horned lizard extends from southeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho, and northern Utah south through eastern and southern California, Nevada, and western Arizona, USA to northeastern Baja California, Mexico (Pianka 1991, Grismer 2002, St. John 2002, Stebbins 2003, Mulcahy et al. 2006). Isolated populations exist in the vicinity of dry lake beds in Lake and Harney counties in Oregon. Records from northeastern Utah are based on old records and may not represent extant (or even historical) populations. The elevational range extends from below sea level in desert sinks to about 1,980 meters (6,500 feet) (Barrows et al. 2020, Linsdale 1940, Stebbins 2003).<br/><br/>Populations south of the Gila River in southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, Mexico (formerly included in <i>P. platyrhinos</i>), are now recognized as a distinct species, <i>Phrynosoma goodei</i> (Mulcahy et al. 2006).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of sites that are well distributed throughout the range extent (GBIF 2023, iNaturalist 2023).","popSizeComments":"Historically, this species was abundant in southern Nevada. Tanner and Krogh (1973) determined that density was around 5 individuals (adults and subadults) per hectare. Medica et al. (1973) found spring densities of up to at least 6.6 adults and subadults per hectare on large plots and as high as 32 per hectare on small fenced plots. Density in the large plots actually may have been higher (e.g., because some individuals were overlooked) whereas small-plot density may have been artificially high (if the fence prevented normal dispersal). Neither study attempted to associate population density with characteristic environmental variations.","viabilityComments":"There are many occurrences on conservation lands (GBIF 2023, iNaturalist 2023).","threatImpactComments":"Climate change is a significant threat. Desert horned lizards are expected to decline as increasing temperatures reduce the number of hours they can tolerate being active to forage (Parlin et al. 2020, Sinervo et al. 2010). This species appears to be inhabiting higher elevations in Joshua Tree National Park than has been previously recorded, possibly in response to more arid conditions (Barrows et al. 2020). This species is locally threatened by urbanization and agriculture. Sullivan et al. (2014) could not find this species in any of the surveyed urban preserves in Phoenix, Arizona despite a congener being present at half of them, although it is unclear if this species was ever present there. Invasive grass species, especially cheatgrass (<i>Bromus tectorum</i>), degrades habitat and can make it unsuitable (Billings 1990, Knapp 1996, Newbold 2005). Wind, solar, and geothermal energy also present threats to the habitat (e.g., http://solareis.anl.gov/maps/alternatives/index.cfm). Use of motorized vehicles in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts are localized threats (Busack and Bury 1974).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"This species has suffered some declines due to habitat degradation through urbanization (Sullivan et al. 2014), livestock grazing (Busack and Bury 1974, Newbold and MacMahon 2009), invasive grasses (Newbold 2005, Newbold and MacMahon 2009), and off-road vehicle use (Busack and Bury 1974).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Populations exist in several national parks, monuments, and wilderness areas (GBIF 2023, iNaturalist 2023).","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":817747,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Horned lizards in general tend to have small home range sizes, usually less than 0.5 ha (often much less) and rarely more than 1 ha. However, Tanner and Krogh (1973) found that many individuals in study plots in southern Nevada were somewhat nomadic and did not stay within small home ranges. Dispersal distances are poorly known, and most studies have not been designed to detect long distance movements.","foodHabitsComments":"The diet consists primarily of slow-moving terrestrial insects (e.g., ants, beetles) but also sometimes includes spiders and some plant material (e.g., <i>Lycium</i> fruits) (Banta 1961, Tanner and Krogh 1973). Generally this lizard is regarded as an ant specialist (Pianka 1991). In a shrub-steppe bajada in northwestern Utah, desert horned lizards ate 14 of the 20 ant species that were present in the study areas but showed a distinct preference for species with the largest body sizes, including but not restricted to harvester ants (Newbold and MacMahon 2009).","animalPhenologyComments":"Duration of the annual activity period varies with local climate. For example, in southern Nevada, activity begins usually in March, and adults become scarce above ground after mid-July (Tanner and Krogh 1973). Activity occurs primarily during daylight hours, but in the southernmost part of the range, some individuals may be active on warm nights.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":14,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103472,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103473,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106431,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1162,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Phrynosomatid Lizards","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that lizards rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh; urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Phrynosomatid lizards have small home range sizes, usually less than 0.5 ha (often much less) and rarely more than 1 ha  (see examples in BCD EO Specs). In a study that documented exceptionally large home range size for a phrynosomatid, Munger (1984a) found that single-season home range size of <i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i> in southern Arizona averaged less than 2.5 ha. Dispersal distances are poorly known, and most studies have not been designed to detect long distance movements. The separation distance for suitable habitat is a compromise between the typical sedentary habits of these lizards, their physical ability to cover fairly large distances in a short period of time, their tendency to occur throughout patches of suitable habitat, and the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent populations.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:06:33.240021Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":817747,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":179292,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:28:58.343066Z"}],"references":[{"id":668519,"citation":"Anderson, R. A. 1994. Functional and population responses of the lizard <i>Cnemidophorus tigris</i> to environmental conditions. American Zoologist 34:409-421.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A91AND03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.275297Z"},{"id":1159394,"citation":"Araya-Donoso, R., A. Biddy, A. Munguia-Vega, A. Lira-Noriega, and G. Dolby. 2024. Habitat quality or quantity? Niche marginality across 21 plants and animals suggests differential responses between highland and lowland species to past climatic changes. Ecography 2024(e07391):1-15.","shortCitationAuthor":"Araya-Donoso et al.","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"A24ARA01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-06T03:23:37.677712Z"},{"id":668520,"citation":"Ballinger, R. E. 1977. Reproductive strategies: food availability as a source of proximal variation in a lizard. Ecology 58:628-635.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ballinger","shortCitationYear":1977,"referenceCode":"A77BAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.290991Z"},{"id":668521,"citation":"Ballinger, R. E. 1984. Survivorship of the tree lizard, <i>Urosaurus ornatus linearis</i>, in New Mexico. Journal of Herpetology 18:480-481.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ballinger","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84BAL05NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.290991Z"},{"id":668522,"citation":"Banta, B. H. 1961. Herbivorous feeding of <i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i> in southern Nevada. Herpetologica 17:136-137.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banta","shortCitationYear":1961,"referenceCode":"A61BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.275297Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":668523,"citation":"Billings, W. D. 1990. <i>Bromus tectorum</i>, a biotic cause of ecosystem impoverishment in the Great Basin. Pages 301-322 in Woodwell, G. M., editor. The earth in transition: patterns and processes of biotic impoverishment. Cambridge University Press, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Billings","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90BIL03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.275297Z"},{"id":627880,"citation":"Brennan, T. C., and A. T. Holycross. 2006. A field guide to amphibians and reptiles in Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix. v + 150 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brennan and Holycross","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"B06BRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:31.446835Z"},{"id":668524,"citation":"Brooks, M. L. 1999. Alien annual grasses and fire in the Mojave Desert. Madroño 46:13-19.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brooks","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.290991Z"},{"id":668525,"citation":"Brown, W. S., and W. S. Parker. 1984. Growth, reproduction and demography of the racer, <i>Coluber constrictor mormon</i>, in northern Utah. Pages 13-40 in R. A. Seigel et al., editors. Vertebrate ecology and systematics: a tribute to Henry S. Fitch. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Special Publication (10):i-viii, 1-278.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown and Parker","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84BRO04NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.275297Z"},{"id":668526,"citation":"Busack, S. D. and R. B. Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave desert. Biological Conservation 6:179-183.","shortCitationAuthor":"Busack and Bury","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"A74BUS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.275297Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. 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[Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":146698,"citation":"Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, J. A. Campbell, K. de Queiroz, D. R. Frost, R. Highton, J. B. Iverson, P. A. Meylan, T. W. Reeder, M. E. Seidel, J. W. Sites, Jr., T. W. Taggart, S. G. Tilley, and D. B. Wake. 2000 [2001]. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 29. 82 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.631788Z"},{"id":121179,"citation":"Dunham, A. E. 1981. Populations in a fluctuating environment: the comparative population ecology of the iguanid lizards <i>Sceloporus merriami</i> and <i>Urosaurus ornatus</i>. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications (158): 1-62.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dunham","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81DUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:14.447487Z"},{"id":1159396,"citation":"Farleigh, K., S. A. Vladimirova, C. Blair, J. T Bracken, N. Koochekian, D. R. Schield, D. C. Card, N. Finger, J. Henault, A. D Leaché, T. A. Castoe, and T. Jezkova. 2021. The effects of climate and demographic history in shaping genomic variation across populations of the Desert Horned Lizard (<i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>). Molecular Ecology 30(10):4481–4496.","shortCitationAuthor":"Farleigh et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21FAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-06T03:23:36.697696Z"},{"id":463781,"citation":"Grismer, L. L. 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of Baja California including its Pacific islands and islands in the Sea of Cortes.  University of California Press, Berkeley. xiii + 399 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grismer","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02GRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":668527,"citation":"Heath, J. E. 1965. Temperature regulation and diurnal activity in horned lizards. University of California Publications in Zoology 64 (3): 97-136.","shortCitationAuthor":"Heath","shortCitationYear":1965,"referenceCode":"A65HEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.290991Z"},{"id":1066864,"citation":"Jezkova, T., J. R. Jaeger, V. Oláh-Hemmings, K. B. Jones, R. A. Lara-Resendiz, D. G. Mulcahy, and B. R. Riddle. 2016. Range and niche shifts in response to past climate change in the desert horned lizard <i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>. Ecography 39(5):437-448. First published: 29 April 2015.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jezkova et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16JEZ01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-06T03:23:37.674731Z"},{"id":668528,"citation":"Knapp, P. A. 1996. Cheatgrass (<i>Bromus tectorum</i> L.) dominance in the Great Basin Desert. Global Environmental Change 6:37-52.","shortCitationAuthor":"Knapp","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96KNA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:21.275297Z"},{"id":972398,"citation":"Leaché, A.D., and C.W. Linkem. 2015. Phylogenomics of horned lizards (Genus: <i>Phrynosoma</i>) using targeted sequence capture data. Copeia 103(3):586-594.","shortCitationAuthor":"Leache and Linkem","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15LEA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:43:28.346995Z"},{"id":668529,"citation":"Linsdale, J. M. 1938. Environmental responses of vertebrates in the Great Basin. 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Females bury eggs in the soil. In southern Nevada, egg deposition occurs April-July (apparently mainly early June). Clutch size averages about 7. Individual females produce one or two clutches per year. Incubation lasts about 50-60 days. Hatchlings appear from mid-July to August in southern Nevada, and as late as mid-September in some areas. Individuals become sexually mature in about 22 months (Tanner and Krogh 1973, Nussbaum et al. 1983). Studies in Nevada indicate that some individuals live 7-8 years, occasionally longer (Medica et al. 1973, Tanner and Krogh 1973).","ecologyComments":"Desert horned lizards derive their body heat from the environment, They require warm body temperatures for activity, feeding, digestion, and reproduction, but conditions on the surface can become too warm. Lizards attain suitable body temperatures by basking in the sun, moving within the sun-shade mosaic produced by plants, and by burying in the soil or entering a burrow. <br/><br/>Desert horned lizards avoid predators through crypsis (they are very difficult to see unless in motion) and by rapid running into vegetative cover (e.g., Linsdale 1938). The lizards' head spines may interfere with attempted ingestion (and also likely enhance crypsis). This species does not exhibit the defensive blood squirting mechanism present in some horned lizard species (Middendorf and Sherbrooke 1992, Sherbrooke and Middendorf 2004). Predators include: prairie falcons, loggerhead shrikes, longnose leopard lizards and striped whipsnakes.<br/><br/><i>Drought</i><br/><br/><i>Drought may affect populations of horned lizards and other insectivorous reptiles by causing changes in body condition and survival. For example, Texas horned lizards (</i><i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i>) appear to be sensitive to climate-associated variations in food supply, and drought may reduce food availability and result in lizard weight losses (Whitford and Bryant (1979). In tree lizards (<i>Urosaurus ornatus</i>), reduced growth rate, body condition, and juvenile survival were associated with drought (Tinkle and Dunham (1983). The snake <i>Coluber constrictor</i>, the diet of which includes many insects, exhibited decreased survival during drought conditions in Utah, and juvenile growth was best in years with relatively high rainfall (Brown and Parker 1984). <br/><br/>Drought may also result in reduced reproduction. Fat bodies in the abdominal cavity provide most of the nutrition for reptilian reproduction. Reduced food supplies may reduce reproductive output due to inadequate fat storage. Periods of drought and food shortage may result in smaller clutch sizes. In southern New Mexico, (Worthington 1982) found that drought may result in a one-egg reduction in the average clutch size of the side-blotched lizard (<i>Uta stansburiana</i>).<br/><br/>The effects of drought on survival and reproduction are manifested in reduced population density. For example, in Texas, tree lizard density declined greatly during periods of drought (Ballinger 1977, 1984), evidently due to effects of reduced food resources (Dunham 1981). In California, western whiptail (<i>Aspidoscelis tigris</i>) populations tended to increase with periods of increased arthropod abundance associated with increased precipitation (Anderson 1994). Similarly, <i>A. tigris</i> density varied with drought conditions in southwestern Texas (Milstead 1965).<br/><br/>Thus it is likely that drought results in reduced density of desert horned lizards through the following scenario: Drought reduces plant productivity (including seed production), which in turn reduces insect populations and horned lizard food resources. Reduced food resources result in reduced horned lizard survival and reproduction, which result in reduced population density. In southern Nevada, Medica et al. (1973) observed substantial variation in <i>P. platyrhinos</i> reproduction. Individual females produced one clutch per year in most years and multiple clutches in one year; no evidence of reproduction was observed in one year. The authors did not attempt to associate these variations with environmental parameters but simply speculated that \"these deviations may be intimately associated with various density-dependent regulating mechanisms or with differences in net primary production and availability of food.\"","habitatComments":"This lizard inhabits all sorts of desert shrublands, such as those dominated by sagebrush, shadscale, hopsage, creosotebush, or greasewood, on sandy flats, alluvial fans, washes, or brushy dunes or dune edges (Grismer 2002, St. John 2002, Stebbins 2003). It is most consistently found where areas of bare ground exist among openly spaced shrubs. It occurs where summers are hot and winters are cold or mild; winter temperatures generally are too cold for activity.<br/><br/>In Nevada, <i>P. platyrhinos</i> is common in sandy or gravelly valleys and flat areas throughout most of the state at elevations of 610-1,980 meters (mainly above 1,220 meters) (Linsdale 1940). In Arizona, <i>P. platyrhinos</i> inhabits Sonoran, Mohave, and Great Basin desert scrub communities and the lower reaches of interior chaparral and Great Basin conifer woodland, usually in relatively flat, open, areas with sandy or loamy soil, less frequently on rocky bajadas and foothills (Brennan and Holycross 2006). 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