{"elementGlobalId":802963,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pseudemys concinna</i>","scientificName":"Pseudemys concinna","scientificNameAuthor":"(LeConte, 1830)","primaryCommonName":"River Cooter","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pseudemys concinna</i> (LeConte, 1830) (TSN 173805)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.802963","elcode":"ARAAD07020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Ward, J.P. and Jackson, D.R. 2008. <i>Pseudemys concinna</i> (Le Conte 1830) – river cooter. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., and Iverson, J.B. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, pp. 006.1-006.7, doi:10.3854/crm.5.006.concinna.v1.2008, //iucn-tftsg.org/cbftt.","conceptName":"<i>Pseudemys concinna</i>","taxonomicComments":"This database follows the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2021) in recognizing two subspecies: <i>Pseudemys concinna concinna</i> and <i>P. c. suwanniensis</i>, and treating <i>P. floridensis</i> as a distinct species. Crother (2017) recognizes <i>Pseudemys concinna concinna</i>, and <i>P. c. floridana</i>, and recognizes P. <i>suwanniensis</i> as a distinct species. Further study is needed to resolve these taxonomic discrepancies.<br /><br />Based on a morphometric analysis, Seidel (1994) recommended that <i>floridana </i>be regarded as a subspecies of <i>P. concinna</i>, with nominal <i>P. c. suwanniensis</i> and <i>P. f. peninsularis</i> recognized as full species. Seidel (1994) concluded that, due to clinal variation, nominal subspecies <i>hieroglyphica</i>, <i>metteri</i>, and <i>mobilensis </i>are unworthy of taxonomic recognition. Jackson (1995) presented an alternative taxonomic evaluation and strongly recommended that <i>suwanniensis</i> and <i>peninsularis</i> be retained as populations or subspecies of the distinct species <i>P. concinna</i> and <i>P. floridana</i>, respectively. See Seidel (1995) for a rebuttal. Seidel and Dreslik (1996) followed the taxonomic arrangement of Seidel (1994) except that <i>suwanniensis</i> was treated as a subspecies of <i>P. concinna</i>. Crother et al. (2000, 2003) and Crother (2008) included <i>floridana </i>as a subspecies of <i>P. concinna</i> and recognized <i>P. peninsularis </i>and <i>P. suwanniensis </i>as distinct species. Jackson (2006) continued to regard <i>suwanniensis</i> and <i>peninsularis</i> as populations or subspecies of the distinct species <i>P. concinna</i> and <i>P. floridana</i>, respectively.<br /><br />Jackson et al. (2012) used mitochondrial DNA sequence data to address relationships within the genus <i>Pseudemys</i>. They found that <i>Pseudemys </i>forms a well-supported monophyletic group, but relationships among species were not well resolved. Most taxa did not appear to be monophyletic, with the exception of <i>P. gorzugi </i>(Rio Grande Cooter) and <i>P. texana </i>(Texas Cooter), suggesting the possibility of mitochondrial introgression as a result of historic or continuing hybrid swarms across the range of the genus, or the lack of resolution may reflect a pattern of recent speciation. The authors concluded that taxonomic relationships within <i>Pseudemys </i>remain complex and elusive and continue to warrant further work.<br /><br />In the Atlantic drainages of the east-central United States, <i>P. rubriventris</i> is morphologically distinct from<i> P. floridana </i>and <i>P. concinna</i>, though in the southern part of its range <i>P. rubriventris</i> is somewhat morphologically convergent with <i>floridana</i>; this may reflect hybridization or convergent evolution (Seidel and Palmer 1991).<br /><br /><i>Pseudemys texana</i> formerly was included in <i>P. concinna</i> (Ward 1984). Subspecies <i>gorzugi</i>, described by Ward (1984), was treated as a full species by Ernst (1990) and Seidel (1994).<br /><br />Spinks et al. (2013) examined variation in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA across all recognized taxa of <i>Pseudemys</i>, and revealed almost no support for the currently recognized species groups, species, or subspecies. They concluded that the genus was probably over-split, but offered no explicit taxonomic suggestions. Pending more extensive genetic sampling and phylogenetic analyses, and in the interest of stability, Crother (2017) continue to follow the content recommended by Seidel (1994).<br /><br />This species sometimes has been placed in the genus <i>Chrysemys</i>.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2010-09-15","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":802964,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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to moderately vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente a moderadamente vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"De très à moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":33,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to Relatively Stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range extends from Maryland to Florida Panhandle and northwestern peninsular Florida, west to eastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Kansas, north to Missouri, Illinois (Dreslik 1998), Indiana, and the Ohio River valley of West Virginia, south to the Gulf Coast (Conant and Collins 1991, Seidel and Dreslik 1996).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Decline in north probably is due to degradation and loss of habitat (Herkert 1992).","shortTermTrendComments":"Has declined in the north (Herkert 1992).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":802963,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Apparently primarily herbivorous in some areas, eats mainly small animals in other areas (Ernst and Barbour 1972). Eats mostly aquatic species, also scavenges. Young omnivorous (Mount 1975). In the New River, West Virginia, adults ate eelgrass, elodea, and crayfishes (Buhlmann and Vaughan 1991). In a Florida spring, diet was plant matter (algae and native and exotic vascular plants), with animal matter ingested incidently or as carrion (Lagueux et al., 1995, J. Herpetol. 29:122-129).","animalPhenologyComments":"May be inactive in winter away from coastal areas (Mount 1975).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":42,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103439,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103440,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106371,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106372,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106373,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106374,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1173,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Pseudemys Turtles (Cooters)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should include known nesting areas and documented upland travel corridors, if any.","separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that turtles rarely if ever cross successfully; untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area lacking aquatic or wetland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance along riverine corridors: 20 stream km. Separation distance for upland habitat: 1 km. Separation distance for other situations (e.g., mixture of upland and aquatic/wetland habitat): 5 km.","separationJustification":"Movements of most species have not been intensively studied, but available information indicates that maximum home range dimension frequently is about 1 km or less and that movements (other than nesting) occur primarily within aquatic/wetland habitats. Nesting typically occurs within 250 m of water.<br /><br />In West Virginia, three males and one female P. concinna moved 574 m betwen two basking sites, and one male had a maximum observed distance traveled of 777 m (Buhlmann and Vaughan 1991). Nest sites usually are within 30 m of water (Ernst et al. 1994).<br />In South Carolina, 70 percent of 40 P. floridana that emigrated from a drought-impacted Carolina Bay traveled toward the nearest body of water, a beaver pond about 400 m away (Gibbons et al. 1983). In Florida, Marchand (1945) recorded cooter movements of usually a few hundred meters but up to 640 m or more. Also in Florida, Kramer (1995) determined that home range length in a spring run was up to 840 m (mean about 300 m, not including basking sites).<br /><br />In a Florida spring run, home range length (including basking sites) of Pseudemys nelsoni was 10-990 m (mean 132 m in males, 207 m in females); in a lake, home range size was an order of magnitude larger (about 16-31 ha for total aquatic and terrestrial range) (Kramer 1995). Jackson and Walker (1997) recorded home range lengths of 200-600 m for P. c. suwanniensis in the nesting season.<br />Nesting sites of P. rubriventris may be 10-250 m from water (Ernst et al. 1994).<br /><br />Despite these data, the high probability of long, undetected movements along riverine corridors suggests use of a separation distance of at least 20 km for suitable (aquatic/wetland) habitat. The nominal minimum of 1 km is used for upland habitat.","versionDate":"2001-04-23","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2026-02-28T02:49:26.327414Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":802963,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"See Lindeman (1997) for information on the use of spotting scope surveys to determine distribution and abundance.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":178437,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:24:56.636302Z"}],"references":[{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112724,"citation":"Buhlmann, K. A., and M. R. Vaughan. 1991. Ecology of the turtle <i>Pseudemys concinna</i> in the New River, West Virginia. Journal of Herpetology 25:72-78.","shortCitationAuthor":"Buhlmann and Vaughan","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91BUH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:38:09.397292Z"},{"id":122357,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1991. Viewpoint: a new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibians and reptiles. SSAR Herpetol. Review 22:42-43.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.631788Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. 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