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to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Breeds from central and southeastern Alaska east across northern Canada and southern Victoria Island to western Melville Peninsula, northeastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern Quebec, and southern Baffin Island (recently naturally established in western Greenland) south to southwestern British Columbia, northeastern California, northern Utah, south-central Wyoming, South Dakota, Kansas, northern Arkansas, western Kentucky, southern Ohio, Pennsylvania, northern Virginia, and Maryland.  Breeding populations in the southern prairie states were extirpated, but many have become reestablished.  Birds in eastern states south of Great Lakes and Massachusetts result from relatively recent natural southward extension of breeding range and to great extent from introductions.  Feral populations resulting from introductions may occur almost anywhere in the United States (AOU 2004). <br><br>Winters from the southern part of the breeding range through most of the United States and into northern Mexico.  Introduced and established in Great Britain, Iceland, southern Scandinavia, and New Zealand.  Accidental in Hawaii, Greater Antilles, and the Bahamas.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Pesticide use is a potential threat; for example, 1600 died in a wheat field that had been sprayed with parathion (see Franson 1994).","shortTermTrendComments":"Most populations are stable or increasing, but see EGR records for subspecies. Total midwinter population in Atlantic Flyway declined from 955,000 in 1981 to 655,000 in 1992; decline was due to low survival rate and poor reproduction in migrant geese; the resident population increased or was stable (Connecticut Dept. Environ. Protection). In the northeastern U.S., the \"resident\" Canada goose population has approximately doubled since 1989 to nearly 800,000 birds (USFWS 1996). In contrast, the migratory population of Atlantic Canada geese that breeds in northern Quebec and winters in the Atlantic Flyway declined from 118,000 in 1988 to 29,000 in 1995 (USFWS 1996). Population of Mississippi Flyway giant Canada geese increased at a rate of 5% per year from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s; in some areas numer have increased to record high and nuisance levels (USFWS 1996).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Protect migratory population in Atlantic Flyway while reducing size of nuisance resident population (USFWS 1996).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":770965,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Found year-round in central part of range. Flocks of family groups migrate together. <br><br>The percentage of the population wintering in the north is now higher than in the past, due at least in part to increased availability of planted corn. A large percentage of geese that spend a winter in the Carolinas winter in more northerly locations (e.g., Chesapeake) in subsequent winters (Ecology 72:523). <br><br>Some western geese, mainly prebreeders and unsuccessful nesters, make molt migrations to and from molting areas during and after the brood-rearing season; apparently, molters of Pacific and Rocky Mountain populations that leave those regions go to the Northwest Territories of Canada (Krohn and Bizeau 1980). See Johnson and Herter (1989) for information on migration of various subspecies. <br><br>In the Mississippi Valley population, fall and spring migration is concentrated in a corridor in central Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin; a major spring staging area is the Kaskaskia River Valley in central Illinois; chronology of departure from wintering areas and of fall migration vary annually (Tacha et al. 1991). See Samuel et al. (1991) for information on fall and winter distribution in the Mississippi Flyway. <br><br>Atlantic Flyway population consists of migrant geese and a resident population which generally migrates only short distances; migrant population breeds primarily in Labrador, northern Quebec, and James Bay area and winters south to North Carolina, western Pennsylvania, the western Carolinas, and Mississippi Flyway states.","foodHabitsComments":"Grazes on marsh grasses, sprouts of winter wheat (spring), grain (fall); eats clover, cattails, bulrushes, algae, pond- weed, and other plants. Feeds in shallows, marshes, fields. Also eats mollusks and small crustaceans (Terres 1980). Subspecies OCCIDENTALIS of west coastal North America: exogenous sources of lipid and protein are important to energy and nutrient requirements of nesting geese (Condor 95:193-210).","animalPhenologyComments":"May be active day or night during migration. Usually feeds in early morning and late afternoon.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":114,"width":null,"weight":4741,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103329,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106216,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106217,"foodHabits":{"id":5,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Granivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Granívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Granivore","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1227,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Nest Site","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on the conservative, smaller mean home range for Snow Geese of 6.6 square kilometers (Hughes et al. 1994).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Map Foraging Areas in separate polygons from the nest site if they are separated from the nest by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas and foraging areas used during the nesting season, but the separation distance is based on nesting-area polygons. Thus different occurrences may overlap if birds from different nesting areas travel to the same foraging area during the nesting season. The separation distance is arbitrary but is intended to yield occurrences that are not impracticably large for conservation purposes.<br /><br />Canada Geese usually forage near nest site, but adults will forage up to 8 kilometers away (Williams and Sooter 1941, Hammond and Mann 1956) and young will occasionally travel up to 16 kilometers to a foraging area as well (Palmer 1976). Mean home ranges of brood-rearing Snow Geese ranged from 6.6 to 21.7 square kilometers on Bylot Island (Hughes et al. 1994).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S. and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"Contains all species of swans and geese, as well as whistling-ducks.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1228,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":"Foraging area, Roosting site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of past or present recurring presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds, including nonbreeding birds within the breeding season and breeding individuals outside the breeding season, and potential recurring presence at a given location. Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 50 birds occur regularly for at least 20 days per year would be deemed EOs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set to yield occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations. Swans and geese can travel considerable distances on a daily basis; in winter, flocks of Canada Geese foraged up to 48 km from roost in Texas (Glazener 1946).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"Contains all species of swans and geese, as well as whistling-ducks.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156351,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Some swans - <i>Cygnus buccinator</i>, in particular - have known migratory routes and staging areas. For these, evidence of past or present recurring presence of migrating or staging flocks and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season and habitat; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set to yield occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes.","versionDate":"2017-08-07","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Created at request of NE; needs review by zoologist.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156352,"locationUseClass":{"id":20,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Winter range","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":null,"displayOrder":22},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Overlaps with Nonbreeding LUC, but some swans - <i>Cygnus buccinator</i> in particular - have distinct wintering and staging areas. For these, evidence of past or present recurring presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds, and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season and habitat; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2017-08-07","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Created at request of NE; needs review by zoologist.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":770965,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Methods for reducing goose problems on lawns include habitat modification (such as planting vegetation that reduces long-distance visibility or that interferes with take-offs or landings, draining bodies of water, or eliminating palatable vegetation), use of fear-provoking stimuli, and hunting (see Converse 1985, Conover and Chasko 1985, Conover 1991, and Conover and Kania 1991 for further information on resident nuisance geese in the northeastern U.S.). See Conover (1989) for information on the use of methiocarb to reduce damage to grain fields and winter cover crops. See Cummings et al. (1991) for information on the use of dimethyl anthranilate and methyl anthranilate to repell Canada geese from grassy areas. In Wisconsin, farmers rated mylar flags and human effigies as fully successful or at least helpful in reducing crop damage; Av-Alarm (a sonic deterrent) also was effective but not well accepted by farmers (Heinrich and Craven 1990). See Aguilar et al. (1991) for an evaluation of goose alarm or distress calls and screamer shells to disperse wintering urban geese. <br><br>See Reese et al. (1987) for recommendations on construction of artificial nesting islands. <br><br>Tacha et al. (1991) found no evidence to support the existence of manageable subpopulations in the Mississippi Valley population.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":"Population size is indexed and wintering distribution is determined annually through USFWS midwinter inventory (aerial).","managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":174400,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T05:20:09.698995Z"}],"references":[{"id":118805,"citation":"Aguilera, E., R. L. Knight, and J. L. Cummings. 1991. An evaluation of two hazing methods for urban Canada geese. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 19:32-35.","shortCitationAuthor":"Aguilera et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91AGU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:35:15.707167Z"},{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. 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