{"elementGlobalId":160735,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Yucca brevifolia</i>","scientificName":"Yucca brevifolia","scientificNameAuthor":"Engelm.","primaryCommonName":"Western Joshua Tree","relatedItisNames":"<i>Yucca brevifolia</i> Engelm. (TSN 565605), <i>Yucca brevifolia</i> var. <i>brevifolia</i> Engelm. (TSN 530893)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160735","elcode":"PMAGA0B071","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Yucca brevifolia</i> var. <i>brevifolia</i>","taxonomicComments":"This record is for <i>Yucca brevifolia</i> in the narrow sense, excluding <i>Yucca jaegeriana</i>. Based on morphological, biological (pollination), and genetic studies, <i>Yucca brevifolia </i>var. <i>jaegeriana</i> is considered a distinct entity that should be recognized at the specific rank (Royer et al. 2016 and Lenz 2007a). FNA (2002a) does not recognize 'jaegeriana' as distinct, thus treating it as a synonym of <i>Yucca brevifolia</i> in the broad sense.","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2021-02-02","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Treher (2021)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":227216,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":597459,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":597459,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":289916,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":289916,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2021,"nrank":"N3N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":227216,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T06:21:43.167874Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160735/Yucca_brevifolia","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2021-02-02","grankReviewDate":"2021-02-02","grankReasons":"Y<i>ucca brevifolia </i>is endemic to the United States and occurs primarily within the Mojave Desert but also the Great Basin Desert of southeastern California and southern Nevada. It is threatened by fire, drought, climate change, and numerous threats related to habitat loss including off road vehicle use.","grank":"G3G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":160735,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":6,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto - medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé — Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"<i>Yucca brevifolia </i>is endemic to the United States and occurs primarily within the Mojave Desert but also the Great Basin Desert of southeastern California and southern Nevada. This species overlaps in range with <i>Yucca jaegeriana</i> in a small area of Nevada, called the Tikaboo Valley, where the two species hybridize (USFWS 2018, Royer et al. 2016, Lenz 2007). Range extent was calculated using data from iNaturalist (2021), SEINet (2021), and CCH2 (2021).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"<i>Yucca brevifolia</i> is threatened by fire, drought, climate change, and numerous threats related to habitat loss. One of the more severe threats to the species is an increase in fire frequency, which causes direct mortality and reduced survivorship over time. A greater presence of non-native annual grasses, which produce a fuel load in the environment, have increased the frequency of fire in the deserts where this species occurs. The plant communities and Joshua Tree itself are not especially tolerant of fire. Native plants, when responding with vigorous growth to an unusually wet winter, also contribute to an increased fuel load and are responsible for some fires in the past. Younger, smaller plants are more vulnerable to mortality than older, larger plants. One cause of mortality post-fire is predation by small mammals seeking a food source (USFWS 2018, Cole et al. 2011). With its primary seed disperser, the Shasta Ground Sloth, extinct, the species ability to shift into suitable habitat is limited (Cole et al. 2011).<br /><br />Climatic conditions threaten the species in the short and long term, in multiple ways, through increased temperatures, drought, and precipitation timing. While this species is tolerant of drought, young plants including seedlings experience greater mortality and lower germination success during drought, which is increasing in severity currently and into the future due to climate change. Studies are needed to understand the impact of this threat and to document declines. The species range is expected to become more arid, specifically drier and hotter, with climate change. The species habitat is predicted to shrink and move into refugia, northward, and to higher elevations (USFWS 2018).<br /><br />Habitat loss, including degradation of soil structure loss and loss of plant cover, is caused by development, military activities, grazing animals, renewable energy development, and off road vehicle use. About 2.2% of the species range is in areas with residential and urban development. While plants are largely protected by local ordinances, habitat loss does happen to some degree (USFWS 2018). About 24.6% of the species range in on military lands, but the species is not believed to be impacted, but potentially benefited by management plans and conservation efforts (USFWS 2018). Grazing animals browse plants, including flowers below 2 meters in height, trample young plants, and contribute to a loss of soil structure that can degrade habitat (USFWS 2018, Lybbert and St. Clair 2017). Off road vehicle use can be severe where it occurs, causing mortality to this species and its nurse plants and damage to the seed bank and degradation to the soil structure (USFWS 2018).<br /><br />An additional threat to the species is damage and mortality from native herbivores (USFWS 2018).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":155503,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:52:06.26039Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":160735,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":null,"plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[{"plantCagDurationId":103693,"duration":{"id":3,"durationDescEn":"PERENNIAL","durationDescEs":"PERENNE","durationDescFr":"VIVACE","displayOrder":3}},{"plantCagDurationId":103694,"duration":{"id":5,"durationDescEn":"Long-lived","durationDescEs":"Larga vida útil","durationDescFr":"Longue durée de vie","displayOrder":5}},{"plantCagDurationId":103695,"duration":{"id":7,"durationDescEn":"EVERGREEN","durationDescEs":"CONIFERA","durationDescFr":"À FEUILLAGE PERSISTANT","displayOrder":7}}],"plantEconomicUses":[],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":160735,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":159954,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:52:06.26039Z"}],"references":[{"id":1096570,"citation":"Cole, K.L., K. Ironside, J. Eischeid, G. Garfin, P.B. Duffy, and C. Toney. 2011. Past and ongoing shifts in Joshua tree distribution support future modeled range contraction. Ecological Applications 21(1):137–149.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cole et al.","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"A11COL01HQUS","lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:39:50.765129Z"},{"id":1096560,"citation":"Cole, W.S., Jr., A.S. James, C.I. Smith. 2017. First Recorded Observations of Pollination and Oviposition Behavior in <i>Tegeticula antithetica</i> (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) Suggest a Functional Basis for Coevolution with Joshua Tree (<i>Yucca</i>) Hosts. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 110(4):390–397.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cole et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17COL01HQUS","lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:39:50.765129Z"},{"id":157373,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2002a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 26. Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxvi + 723 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02FNA26HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:38.775521Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":748998,"citation":"Lenz, L.W. 2007a. Reassessment of <i>Yucca brevifolia</i> and recognition of <i>Y. jaegeriana </i>as a distinct species. ALISO 24(1): 97-104.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lenz","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"A07LEN02HQUS","lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:39:50.765129Z"},{"id":1096571,"citation":"Lybbert, A.H., and S.B St. Clair. 2017. Wildfire and floral herbivory alter reproduction and pollinator mutualisms of Yuccas and Yucca moths. Journal of Plant Ecology 10(5):851–858.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lybbert and St. Clair","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17LYB01HQUS","lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:52:06.26039Z"},{"id":1096554,"citation":"Royer, A. M., M.A. Streisfeld, and C.I. Smith. 2016. Population genomics of divergence within an obligate pollination mutualism: Selection maintains differences between Joshua tree species. American Journal of Botany 103(10):1730–1741.","shortCitationAuthor":"Royer et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16ROY01HQUS","lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:39:50.765129Z"},{"id":759179,"citation":"USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database [USDA PLANTS]. http://plants.usda.gov/. Accessed 2015.","shortCitationAuthor":"USDA, NRCS","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"W15USD01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:14.00743Z"},{"id":790792,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2016. 90-Day Findings on 10 Petitions. Federal Register 81(178): 63160-63165.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"N16FWS07HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:32:00.103927Z"},{"id":1096561,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2018. Joshua Tree Status Assessment. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 113 pp. + Appendices A–C.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"N18FWS12HQUS","lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:39:50.765129Z"},{"id":1042659,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2019. 12-Month Findings on Petitions To List Eight Species as Endangered or Threatened Species. Federal Register 84(158): 41694-41699.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"N19FWS02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:32:00.103927Z"},{"id":1125789,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2023. Petition Finding for Joshua Trees (Yucca brevifolia and Y. jaegeriana). Notification of finding. Federal Register 88(46): 14536-14560.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23FWS05HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-08T01:54:58.466017Z"},{"id":674055,"citation":"Wall, S. B. V., T. Esque, D. Haines, M. Garnett, and B. A. Waitman. 2006. Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) seeds are dispersed by seed-caching rodents. Ecoscience 13(4):539-543.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wall et al.","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06WAL01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:32:00.088293Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":160735,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":{"id":8,"fwsRegionDescEn":"California-Nevada","fwsRegionDescEs":"California-Nevada","fwsRegionDescFr":"Californie-Nevada"},"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":107,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Flowering Plants","level3":"Monocots","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":106,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5410},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Anthophyta","taxclass":"Monocotyledoneae","taxorder":"Asparagales","family":"Asparagaceae","genus":"Yucca","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"In a 90-day petition finding, USFWS found listing Joshua tree may be warranted and are initiating a status review (Federal Register, 14 September 2016). In a 12-month petition finding, USFWS found that it is not warranted at this time to list Joshua tree (<i>Yucca brevifolia </i>and <i>Yucca jaegeriana</i>) (Federal Register 15 August 2019). Note, the under review status is not mentioned in the Federal Register but is on the USFWS species profile page as of May 2022. As of June 2022, USFWS responded that the 12-month finding was challenged and they are working to revise the Species Status Assessment (SSA) and redo the 12-month finding, therefore <i>Yucca brevifolia </i>and <i>Yucca jaegeriana</i> are still under review. On March 9, 2023, USFWS published a notification of finding. \"After a thorough review of the best available scientific and commercial information, we find that listing Joshua trees as endangered or threatened species is not warranted\" (Federal Register 9 March 2023).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":146485,"synonym":"Yucca brevifolia var. brevifolia","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Yucca brevifolia</i> var. <i>brevifolia</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":160735,"reproductionComments":"In a study of Joshua Tree, Joshua Tree, seed caching rodents were found to cache seeds within 30 m of host plant (Wall et al. 2006). The presence of rhizomes allow for vegetative (asexual) spread of the species (USFWS 2018). Nurse plants are important for successful seedling survival by creating favorable microclimates and protection from herbivory (USFWS 2018).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"This species is somewhat of a generalist of flats, gentle slopes, mesas, and bajadas on a variety of substrates, but typically igneous, that are silty, loamy, or sandy, within many different plant communities including Yellow Pine Forest and Sonoran Desert (USFWS 2019, Lenz 2007). The species has tolerance for saline and alkaline conditions, but does have a tendency to occur in areas with consistent precipitation year round, although of varying overall totals (USFWS 2019, Lenz 2007). It tolerates winter lows of 4 °C (39 °F) and summer highs of 46 °C (110 °F) (USFWS 2019).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":112220,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":23,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest/Woodland","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque/Tierras forestales ","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt/terrain boisé","displayOrder":1}},{"cagTerrHabId":112219,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":112218,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":11,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Desert","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Desierto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Désert","displayOrder":13}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":748998,"citation":"Lenz, L.W. 2007a. Reassessment of <i>Yucca brevifolia</i> and recognition of <i>Y. jaegeriana </i>as a distinct species. ALISO 24(1): 97-104.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lenz","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"A07LEN02HQUS","lastModified":"2021-02-06T01:39:50.765129Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":111724,"elCode":"PMAGA0B070","name":"Yucca brevifolia","formattedName":"<i>Yucca brevifolia</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.143213","lineageDate":"2022-07-14","nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":43220,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":1,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Residential & commercial development","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"1 - Residential & commercial development","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":4,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Small: Affects a small proportion (1-10%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Small (1-10%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":43221,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":2,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"1.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Housing & urban areas","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"1.1 - 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