{"elementGlobalId":160162,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Argyroxiphium sandwicense</i>","scientificName":"Argyroxiphium sandwicense","scientificNameAuthor":"DC.","primaryCommonName":"Hinahina","relatedItisNames":"<i>Argyroxiphium sandwicense</i> DC. (TSN 38729)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160162","elcode":"PDAST0P060","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Argyroxiphium sandwicense</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2000-02-21","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Lau,J.Q.C.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"HAW","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":244586,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":512717,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":512717,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrank":"N2","nrankReviewYear":null,"speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":244586,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T06:18:17.320896Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160162/Argyroxiphium_sandwicense","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grank":"G2","grankChangeDate":"1990-12-13","grankReasons":"Argyroxiphium sandwicense is endemic to the islands of Maui and Hawaii. Subspecies macrocephalum occurs on Haleakala on Maui, and ssp. sandwicense on Mauna Kea on Hawaii. There are seven current occurrences. The Haleakala subspecies was estimated to number 64,800 in 1991. The Mauna Kea subspecies, however, is down to fewer than 40 naturally occurring plants plus a few hundred outplanted ones. Threats include introduced sheep, goats, mouflon sheep, pigs, predation of native pollinators by alien wasps and ants, overcollection, and in the case of the Mauna Kea subspecies, its small population size.","grankReviewDate":"2000-02-21","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":160162,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Endemic to Haleakala on Maui and Mauna Kea on Hawaii.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"7 current (1985-2000) occurrences.","popSizeComments":"An estimated 65,000 plants.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Threats include introduced sheep, goats, mouflon sheep, pigs, predation of native pollinators by alien wasps and ants, overcollection, small population size (in the case of the Mauna Kea subspecies).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":118646,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:13:10.703628Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":160162,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":null,"plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[],"plantEconomicUses":[],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":160162,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":159411,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:44:49.210485Z"}],"references":[{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":100597,"name":"`Ahinahina","language":"HAW"},{"id":128335,"name":"Hawai`i silversword","language":"EN"},{"id":140019,"name":"Hawai`i Silversword","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":160162,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":{"id":1,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single state or province","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de un estado o provincia","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à un État ou à une province"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":108,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Flowering Plants","level3":"Dicots","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":106,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5420},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Anthophyta","taxclass":"Dicotyledoneae","taxorder":"Asterales","family":"Asteraceae","genus":"Argyroxiphium","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"E,T","usesaComments":"<i>Argyroxiphium sandwicense</i> ssp. <i>macrocephalum </i>is listed Threatened; <i>Argyroxiphium sandwicense</i> ssp. <i>sandwicense </i>is listed Endangered.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":142156,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142156","formattedScientificName":"<i>Argyroxiphium sandwicense</i> ssp. <i>macrocephalum</i>","scientificName":"Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum","primaryCommonName":"`Ahinahina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142156/Argyroxiphium_sandwicense_ssp_macrocephalum"},{"infraspeciesId":155674,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155674","formattedScientificName":"<i>Argyroxiphium sandwicense</i> ssp. <i>sandwicense</i>","scientificName":"Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense","primaryCommonName":"`Ahinahina","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155674/Argyroxiphium_sandwicense_ssp_sandwicense"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":160162,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Dry alpine desert; occasionally also in dry to moist subalpine shrublands and forests. On cinder cone slopes, cinder fields, lava flows, in rocky gulches, and on cliffs.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":102981,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":23,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest/Woodland","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque/Tierras forestales ","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt/terrain boisé","displayOrder":1}},{"cagTerrHabId":102982,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":102983,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":102980,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":12,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Alpine","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Alpino","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Alpin","displayOrder":14}},{"cagTerrHabId":102984,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":18,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cliff","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Acantilado","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Falaise","displayOrder":21}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}