{"elementGlobalId":159781,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Dionaea muscipula</i>","scientificName":"Dionaea muscipula","scientificNameAuthor":"Ellis","primaryCommonName":"Venus Flytrap","relatedItisNames":"<i>Dionaea muscipula</i> Ellis (TSN 22008)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.159781","elcode":"PDDRO01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Dionaea muscipula</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Dionaea</i> is a monotypic genus, and is considered by some to be in its own plant family (Dionaeaceae), and by others as part of the plant family Droseraceae (FNA 2015, Weakley 2024).","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-11-25","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Mary J. Russo (1993); rev. J. Boetsch (2000); rev. Eric Nielsen (2000), rev. Treher (2018), rev. L. Oliver (2020), rev. D. Suiter and C. Nordman (2024)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":207897,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":450947,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":450947,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":600418,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":600418,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":418970,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":418970,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":505735,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":505735,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":2020,"nrank":"N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":207897,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T06:16:02.32511Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":"Despite being known around the world, many people are not aware that this fascinating carnivorous plant only exists in a narrow region of wetland habitat in North Carolina and South Carolina. Famous for its jaw-like modified leaves that snap shut when triggered by unsuspecting insects, the Venus flytrap derives essential nutrients by capturing and digesting its prey. Unfortunately, habitat loss due to human activities has led to a decline in natural populations of the species. The species is also threatened by poaching for the horticultural trade.","conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.159781/Dionaea_muscipula","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2024-12-02","grankReviewDate":"2024-12-02","grankReasons":"The Venus Flytrap, a carnivorous species, is a narrow endemic of the coastal plain and sandhills of North and South Carolina in the southeastern United States. It has very strict habitat requirements which include frequent fire, an open understory and wet, low nutrient, acidic soils. There are 74 extant natural occurrences and approximately 880,300 total individuals. Threats include development, habitat conversion to agriculture or silviculture, fire suppression, and plant poaching. There are some large populations on protected areas managed for conservation, such as North Carolina State Parks and State Game Lands, South Carolina Heritage Trust Preserves, and private conservation lands, it also occurs on Fort Liberty and the Croatan National Forest.","grank":"G2G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":159781,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":19,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 80","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":16,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Quelques-uns (de 13 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":13,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many (13-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Varias ocurrencias (13 a 40) adecuadamente protegidas y controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"Plusieurs occurrences (de 13 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":27,"rangeExtentDescEn":"5000-200,000 square km (about 2000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 5.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 2.000 a 80.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 5 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 2 000 à 80 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":32,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Venus Flytrap (<i>Dionaea muscipula</i>) occurs in the eastern United States, it is endemic to a narrow region of the coastal plain and sandhills of North Carolina and South Carolina. The historic range of the species is from Pamlico County, North Carolina south to Charleston County, South Carolina (Hamon et al 2021). As of 2023, the species is found in 11 North Carolina counties (Bladen, Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Hoke, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender and Sampson) and in South Carolina only in Horry County (USFWS 2023). Range extent was estimated to be about 20700 square kilometers, using herbarium specimens and NatureServe Network occurrence data collected between 1993 and 2024 (NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024). Historical occurrences were known from seven additional counties in North Carolina (Beaufort, Duplin, Jones, Lenoir, Moore, Pamlico, and Robeson). In South Carolina, historical occurrences were known from Charleston and Georgetown counties (NatureServe 2024, USFWS 2023, Wichmann 2021). This species has been nearly extirpated in the inner coastal plain of North Carolina, and persists in the Sandhills of North Carolina only at a few sites on Fort Liberty (Hamon et al. 2021). Roberts and Oosting (1958) concluded that its total range is probably determined by its being limited to soils having a high water table, an organic hardpan usually not more than 60 cm below the surface, and a soil pH range of 3.9-4.5. Venus flytraps have been transplanted to the Pine Barrens of southern New Jersey, Yancey County in the mountains of North Carolina, the Apalachicola National Forest region in the Florida panhandle, and Escambia County, Alabama (Clewell 1985, Evert 1957, Schotz pers. comm., Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024). These transplants outside its natural range are considered inconsequential for the conservation of the species.<br/>","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":90,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"126-500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 126 a 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 126 à 500","bioticsKey":37},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Area of Occupancy was estimated to be approximately 1040 square kilometers, based on its presence in 230 grid cells, each 2 km by 2 km, using herbarium specimen data and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between the years of 1993 and 2024 . The largest concentrations of this species are in Brunswick, Carteret, Onslow, and Pender Counties in North Carolina (NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024, USFWS 2023).","numberEosComments":"By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium specimens and NatureServe Network occurrence data documented between 1993 and 2024, it was estimated that there are about 215 (and between 81 and 300) occurrences rangewide (NatureServe 2024, SEINet 2024). Due to size, proximity and suitable nearby habitat of various occurrences, they are generalized and clustered further into fewer, more extensive occurrences. Based on this, there are considered to be 140 occurrences, including 74 extant, 20 extirpated, 14 historical, and 29 which have not been relocated during the most recent surveys, despite searches in the appropriate locations (Hamon et al. 2021, NUSFWS 2023).","popSizeComments":"As of 2023, there were 74 extant natural occurrences and approximately 880300 total individuals (Hamon et al. 2021, USFWS 2023). The results of a less complete survey of existing locations were reported in 2017, between 73,000 - 158,000 plants in the wild (Yearsley 2017).","viabilityComments":"<span><span><span>There are 12 populations which are considered to have excellent viability and 5 populations considered to have good viability (Hamon et al 2021).</span></span></span>","threatImpactComments":"The greatest threats to Venus Flytrap are the degradation and loss of habitat from lack of prescribed fire, conversion to agriculture and intensive pine silviculture, residential and commercial development and right-of-way maintenance. Other stressors that could have negative effects on the species include plant poaching and small population size, drainage and groundwater abstraction (leading to loss of wetland habitat), nonnative invasive species, herbivory, and climate change. The southeastern coastal plain has one of the highest lightning frequencies in North America (Finch et al. 2012). The longleaf pine ecosystem is adapted to frequent fires. Venus Flytrap plants require open, sunny conditions to survive. This species is intolerant of dense shade. Frost (1998) called Venus Flytrap one of the most fire dependent species, noting that it begins to die out when fire-return intervals become longer than three years. Lack of fire is considered one of the main threats to Venus flytrap as it disrupts natural fire cycles which often results in increased shading and competition from woody plants, eventually causing the decline of herbaceous plant species. The longleaf pine ecosystem where Venus Flytrap plants are found has a historical average fire return interval of one to four years (Frost 1998, Guyette et al. 2012). Other types of habitat loss include the conversion of land from longleaf pine savannas and associated Venus flytrap habitat to agricultural lands, silviculture (tree farming), or residential and commercial development and are often permanent. Clearing land for conversion to agriculture and silviculture is destructive to Venus flytrap populations and often has permanent impacts on the landscape. The habitat is further altered to make it suitable for planting additional trees or agricultural crops. Residential and commercial development can have direct and indirect negative impacts on Venus flytrap populations and is often irreversible. Development also leads to fragmentation of natural areas which can negatively affect native species, even if not impacted directly. The human population within the range of Venus flytrap (southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina) is growing rapidly. Some of the most robust Venus Flytrap populations occur in Brunswick, Carteret, New Hanover, Onslow, and Pender counties in North Carolina and Horry County, South Carolina. According to the NC office of State Budget and Management, all of these NC counties had recent positive population changes ranging from 1.7% to 28% (NCOSBM 2022). Brunswick County, where two of the largest Venus Flytrap populations occur, had the second largest human population increase (28%) during the previous decade. Home to the largest Venus Flytrap population in South Carolina, the Horry County population increased 36.9% during that 10-year period (SCRFA 2019). Some Venus flytrap populations occur on roadsides and utility line rights of way (ROW) where roads and utility lines intersect suitable habitat for this species. These populations are vulnerable to road maintenance, road widening projects, herbicide application and mowing. Road maintenance and widening projects can destroy habitat where plants occur. Herbicides, which suppress plant growth, are often used to manage vegetation along road shoulders and in utility line ROW. Dormant season (winter) mowing is generally not problematic for disturbance-dependent species, as it helps reduce competition and maintain sites in an open condition. However, it is important that dormant season mowing be conducted when soils are not wet to avoid creating ruts which can kill small plants and disrupt the microtopography. Mowing that occurs during the growing season before plants produce mature seeds is harmful to the population because it eliminates seed production/reproductive potential for that year. In general, populations that occur in roadside and utility line ROW are extremely vulnerable to poor management actions. For many years, Venus flytrap plants have been the subject of illegal collection from the wild. Initially this was done so the plants could be sold at roadside markets and more wide scale in the horticulture trade. In more recent years, poaching may have also involved the pharmaceutical industry (McManus 2014). In 2014, the NC State Legislature passed a law making it a felony to take Venus Flytrap plants from someone else’s land without written permission of the landowner. In 10 years since the felony law was passed, four poaching events were caught by law enforcement officers. While the actual number of reported incidents is relatively small, large plant poaching events are not insignificant. Since 2014, overall poaching may have declined and has become a lesser threat than the lack of fire management, residential development and the other land use changes mentioned above (Margulies et al. 2024, USFWS 2023).","shortTermTrendComments":"The species is declining in its native range (Amoroso, pers. comm., Pittman, pers. comm., Schafale, pers. comm., Russo 1993). It is reported to be doing well in some managed gameland areas in North Carolina where prescribed fire maintains an open understory (Amoroso, pers. comm.). It is declining in the Green Swamp due to fire suppression (Amoroso, pers. comm.). Given the right conditions, this plant can be aggressive and weedy (Amoroso pers. comm.). Surveys by Marj Boyer of the Plant Conservation Program indicated that site occupancy declined by 10% from 1981 to 1993 (Russo 1993). Very little information is available on abundance trends for this species. Collection has significantly reduced one of the largest populations at Holly Shelter Game Lands (Yearsley 2017, Schafale, pers. comm.). There are 20 occurrences which are known to have been extirpated (Hamon et al. 2021, USFWS 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term decline in this species has been dramatic. While it is uncertain how many plants have been lost, nearly 1.5 million acres of its habitat in the northeastern, south and central portions of its range no longer support the species. It has been estimated that up to 70% of historical sites are extirpated due to fire suppression and development of habitat (Yearsley 2017).","inventoryNeeds":"The most thorough status survey of Venus Flytrap ever conducted was conducted during 2019 - 2021 (Hamon et al 2021). Detailed surveys of Venus flytrap populations previously conducted in 1991-1992 (Boyer 1995), 2002 (Shew 2002), and 2017-2018 (Kunz 2018), contributed greatly to the understanding of the rarity and distribution of Venus Flytrap (USFWS 2023). Because threats such as loss of habitat, fire suppression, and some exploitation continue, extant occurrences should be resurveyed on at least a ten-year cycle. There is a need to establish a mechanism for regular monitoring of population changes throughout the range of this species (Amoroso pers. comm.).","numberProtEosComments":"Across its range, 21 populations (28% of total populations) occur on protected areas managed for conservation (North Carolina State Parks and State Game Lands, South Carolina Heritage Trust Preserves, private conservation lands), 24 populations (32% of total populations) occur on military land, or lands with mixed use or mixed ownership (Fort Liberty, Croatan National Forest), and 29 populations (39% of total populations) occur on private lands with no conservation designation (NatureServe 2024, USFWS 2023).","protectionNeeds":"The species flourishes best where burned periodically, and actively managed with prescribed fire, which is needed to maintain viable, sexually reproducing populations. Land protection through acquisition, conservation easements, and registry programs is necessary to ensure that sizable occurrences and suitable habitats for this species are maintained, in areas large enough to be managed with prescribed fire into the future. Range-wide efforts should be made to re-introduce frequent fires to all remaining populations on public and managed private lands. Law enforcement has led to the arrest of some individuals for illegal collection of these plants. In 2014, the North Carolina General Assembly passed House Bill 1059 which makes it a felony to take Venus flytrap plants or seeds from the land of another person’s land or from public domain without written permission of the landowner or the owner’s authorized agent (USFWS 2023).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":107786,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Populations of this species tend to be large and not very distinct (Amoroso pers. comm., Pittman pers. comm.). A well burned savanna will have plants throughout (Amoroso pers. comm.).","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Populations are usually separated by large rivers, pocosins or highways (Amoroso pers. comm.).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2000-01-03","versionAuthor":"Boetsch, J.R.","versionNotes":"Department of Biology, University of North Carolina","lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:12:07.546417Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":159781,"genusEconomicValue":true,"economicComments":"This plant is easily propagated in nurseries and greenhouses. Nursery propagation for commercial purposes has been encouraged, leading to reduced field collection. The development of cost-effective nursery propagation techniques has eliminated the need to collect wild plants, but illegal collecting is an ongoing problem for Venus Flytrap conservation (Margulies et al. 2024, McManus 2014).","plantProductionMethods":[{"plantCagProdMethodId":100004,"productionMethod":{"id":1,"productionMethodDescEn":"Wild-harvested","productionMethodDescEs":"Cosecha silvestre","productionMethodDescFr":"Récolté dans la nature","displayOrder":1}},{"plantCagProdMethodId":100005,"productionMethod":{"id":2,"productionMethodDescEn":"Cultivated","productionMethodDescEs":"Cultivado","productionMethodDescFr":"Cultivé","displayOrder":2}}],"plantDurations":[{"plantCagDurationId":100021,"duration":{"id":3,"durationDescEn":"PERENNIAL","durationDescEs":"PERENNE","durationDescFr":"VIVACE","displayOrder":3}},{"plantCagDurationId":101732,"duration":{"id":11,"durationDescEn":"SUMMER-FLOWERING","durationDescEs":"FLOR DE VERANO","durationDescFr":"FLORAISON ESTIVALE","displayOrder":11}}],"plantEconomicUses":[{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100019,"economicUse":{"id":16,"economicUseDescEn":"MEDICINE/DRUG","economicUseDescEs":"MEDICAMENTOS/MEDICINAS","economicUseDescFr":"MÉDICATION/MÉDICAMENTS","displayOrder":16}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100020,"economicUse":{"id":41,"economicUseDescEn":"ESTHETIC","economicUseDescEs":"ESTÉTICA","economicUseDescFr":"ESTHÉTIQUE","displayOrder":42}}],"plantCommercialImportances":[{"plantCagCommImportId":100003,"commercialImportance":{"id":2,"commercialImportanceDescEn":"Minor cash crop","commercialImportanceDescEs":"Cultivo comercial menor","commercialImportanceDescFr":"Culture commerciale de petite ampleur","displayOrder":2}}]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":159781,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Continue to monitor known populations for status of threats, site condition, and abundance of plants. Survey potential habitat for new populations. Seek long term protection and/or facilitate prescribed burning and other management for sites on private land. Educate land managers about the importance of prescribed fire. Review most critical threats at each site and consider the feasibility of their removal or mitigation and how that will impact the quality of habitat for the species, as well as other species of interest. Record and monitor the impact of management actions that are directed towards the species or habitat. Develop a plan to burn at regular intervals (~2-3 year returns). If burns are not possible, manually remove woody or other vegetation that might shade out plants. Encourage the species as part of ecotourism to raise awareness and to bring awareness to the issue of poaching. This may also develop local pride in protecting the species.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Much biological research was done by Roberts and Oosting (1958). A species status assessment and pollination ecology research has been completed (Hamon 2022, Hamon et al. 2021, USFWS 2023), and","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":100301,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":null,"versionDate":"2000-01-03","versionAuthor":" Boetsch, J.R. ","versionNotes":" Department of Biology, University of North Carolina ","lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:43:56.522475Z"}],"references":[{"id":107536,"citation":"Amoroso, Jame. Personal communication. Botanist. North Carolina Heritage Program, NC Dept. of Environment, Health, &amp; Natural Resources, Division of Parks And Recreation, Raleigh, NC.","shortCitationAuthor":"Amoroso","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDAMO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:40:53.292328Z"},{"id":111353,"citation":"Blakley, Tim. National Center for the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs, Rutland, OH.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blakley","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDBLA01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:51.028641Z"},{"id":1147611,"citation":"Boyer, M.W. 1995. Inventory of Venus Flytrap in North Carolina, 1991-1992. Report to the Plant Conservation Program and the NC Natural Heritage Program, Raleigh, NC.","shortCitationAuthor":"Boyer","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"N95BOY01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T04:34:24.454387Z"},{"id":136956,"citation":"Clewell, A.F. 1985. Guide to vascular plants of the Florida panhandle. Florida State Univ. Press, Tallahassee, Florida. 605 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Clewell","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85CLE01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:49.414343Z"},{"id":119315,"citation":"Evert, D.S. 1957. Dionaea transplants in the New Jersey pine barrens. Bartonia 29: 3-4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Evert","shortCitationYear":1957,"referenceCode":"A57EVE01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:12:07.546417Z"},{"id":1147616,"citation":"Finch, B., Young, B.M., Johnson, R., and J.C. Hall. 2012. Longleaf far as the eye can see, a new vision of North America’s richest forest. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel, North Carolina, pp. 176.","shortCitationAuthor":"Finch et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12FIN01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T04:34:24.461369Z"},{"id":761564,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2015. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 6. Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae to Droserceae. Oxford University Press, New York. 496 pp + xxiv.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"B15FNA06HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:29.316319Z"},{"id":1147614,"citation":"Frost, C.C. 1998. Presettlement fire frequency regimes of the United States: A first approximation. Pages 70-81 in: T. L. Pruden and L. A. Brennan, editors. Fire in ecosystem management: Shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 20. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T04:34:24.460381Z"},{"id":108894,"citation":"Godfrey, R.K., and J.W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States: Dicotyledons. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens. 933 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey and Wooten","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81GOD01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:56:11.696678Z"},{"id":1147621,"citation":"Gray, J.B., T.R. Wentworth, and C. Brownie. 2003. Extinction, colonization, and persistence of rare vascular flora in the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem: Responses to fire frequency and population size. Natural Areas Journal 23:210-219.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gray et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03GRA01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T04:34:24.457377Z"},{"id":1147615,"citation":"Guyette, R.P., M.C. Stambaugh, D.C. Dey, and R-M. Muzika. 2012. Predicting fire frequency with chemistry and climate. Ecosystems 15: 322-335.","shortCitationAuthor":"Guyette et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12GUY01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T04:34:24.461369Z"},{"id":1147613,"citation":"Hamon, L.E. 2022. The Pollination Ecology of the Venus Flytrap (<i>Dionaea muscipula</i>) and a Status Survey of its Native Populations. Dissertation at NC State University, Raleigh, NC. 217 pp. Online. Available https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.20/39455","shortCitationAuthor":"Hamon","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"N22HAM01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T04:34:24.459385Z"},{"id":1147605,"citation":"Hamon, L.E., D. Hannon, S. Mason, S. Horton and M. Buchanan. 2021. A Rangewide Status Survey of Venus Flytrap <i>Dionaea muscipula</i> (Droseraceae). Report to US Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh Ecological Services Office, Raleigh, NC. 81 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hamon et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"N21HAM01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-12-07T04:34:24.455374Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":108630,"citation":"Kral, R. 1983c. A report on some rare, threatened, or endangered forest-related vascular plants of the South. USFS Tech. Publ. R8-TP 2, Atlanta, GA. 2 Vol. 1305 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kral","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"N83KRA02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:58.997781Z"},{"id":1147610,"citation":"Kunz, M. 2018. 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In the July 25, 2023 Federal Register, USFWS published the notification of findings that it is not warranted at this time to list Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). Included in the USFWS FY23-27 National Domestic Listing Workplan (April 14, 2023 version) (USFWS 2023).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":159781,"reproductionComments":"This plant reproduces by seeds and vegetatively. The flowering is May to June, fruiting is June to July (Radford et al 1968, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2024). The seeds are dispersed by gravity, falling onto soil at the base of the parent plants. Some seed distribution may occur by water (Roberts and Oosting 1958, USFWS 2023).","ecologyComments":"This is a highly fire-dependent species. Frost (1998), called Venus flytrap “one of the most fire-dependent species”. Boyer (1995) suggested a one to three-year fire frequency to knock back woody growth and clear grass thatch and leaf litter. Gray et al. (2003) suggested a two-year fire return interval to maintain rare species such as Venus Flytrap at Fort Liberty Army Base in the Sandhills of North Carolina.","habitatComments":"<i>Dionaea muscipula</i> occupies distinct habitats in the two regions of the Carolinas (Sandhills and Coastal Plain) where it is found. In the Outer Coastal Plain, where it is more common, <i>Dionaea muscipula</i> occurs in Wet Sandy Pine Savannas, Wet Loamy Pine Savannas, Very Wet Loamy Pine Savannas, and in broad ecotonal areas of Pond Pine Woodlands or Wet Pine Flatwoods. These sites are generally flat with wet or moist soils for much of the year. It occurs at elevations of 0 - 100 meters (FNA 2015). The species rarely occurs in seasonally flooded Small Depression Shrub Borders, although it may occur along the edges of such sites (Schafale 2024). In the Sandhills region, it is limited to Streamhead Canebrakes and narrow, moist ecotones between Streamhead Pocosins (linear, evergreen shrub bogs along small creeks and their headwaters) and longleaf pine/scrub oak/wiregrass uplands and along the vegetatively similar ecotones between Sandhill Seep (Typic and Savanna Subtypes) and longleaf pine uplands. Sandhill Seeps have <i>Sphagnum</i> and are shrub-and-herb-dominated areas occurring in relatively steep places where local clay soils force seepage water to the surface. Soils in these ecotonal areas are usually highly acidic, loamy sands (Schafale 2024)<br/><br/>Soils associated with <i>Dionaea</i> sites include Baymeade (Arenic Hapludults), Blaney (Arenic Hapludults), Foreston (Aquic Paleudults), Grifton (Typic Orchraqualfs), Johnston (Cumulic Humaquepts), Kureb (Spodic Quartzipsamments), Leon (Aeric Alaquod), Murville (Typic Haplaquods), Onslow (Spodic Paleudults), Pactolus (Aquic Quartzipsamments), Woodington (Typic Paleaquults), and others (Schafale 2024).<br/><br/>The Pine Savanna ecotones that <i>Dionaea muscipula</i> occupies in the Outer Coastal Plain are generally dominated by an open to moderate canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i> (often with a mixture of <i>Pinus serotina</i> or even <i>Taxodium ascendens</i>), over a dense, species-rich ground layer with grasses, sedges, herbs and low-growing shrubs. Associated species at <i>Dionaea muscipula</i> sites can vary considerably, but graminoids such as <i>Muhlenbergia expansa</i>, <i>Ctenium aromaticum</i>, <i>Sporobolus pinetorum</i>, and <i>Aristida stricta</i> (to a lesser extent) usually dominate. Other common species include <i>Rhexia alifanus</i>, <i>Aletris</i> spp., <i>Zigadenus </i>spp., <i>Polygala</i> spp., orchids, <i>Eupatorium</i> spp., <i>Dichanthelium</i> spp., <i>Xyris caroliniana</i>, and rare plants such as <i>Tofieldia glabra</i>, <i>Solidago pulchra</i>, <i>Oxypolis ternata</i>, and <i>Rhynchospora pallida</i>. Other insectivorous plants that almost always co-occur with flytraps include species of <i>Pinguicula</i>, <i>Sarracenia</i>, and <i>Drosera</i>. Common shrub species include <i>Ilex glabra</i>, <i>Vaccinium crassifolium</i>, <i>Gaylussacia frondosa</i>, <i>Kalmia carolina</i>, <i>Myrica cerifera</i>, and <i>Lyonia mariana</i>. If frequently burned, these ecotones will remain herb-dominated and species-rich. Fire suppression generally leads to shrub and tree invasion and a gradual decline in species diversity.<br/><br/>Ecotones in the Sandhills region are quite similar in species composition to Outer Coastal Plain savanna ecotones, although they are generally much narrower in size. <i>Dionaea muscipula</i> is usually found along the lower, pocosin edges of well-burned ecotones, in areas dominated by a mixture of low shrubs, cane, and a high diversity of herbs. Species counts in these well-burned sites are often impressively high; a 1/100 hectare (10 x 10 meters) plot of a Sandhill Seep ecotone on Fort Liberty had over 100 species, one of the highest known species richness counts in temperate North America (Schafale and Weakley 1990). Commonly associated herbs include <i>Aletris farinosa</i>, <i>A. aurea</i>, <i>Andropogon glomeratus</i>, <i>Aristida stricta</i>, <i>Arundinaria tecta</i>, <i>Calamagrostis cinnoides</i>, <i>Calamovilfa brevipilis</i>, <i>Chasmanthium laxum</i>, <i>Ctenium aromaticum</i>, <i>Dichanthelium</i> spp., <i>Drosera</i> spp., <i>Eriocaulon decangulare</i>, <i>Eupatorium pilosum</i>, <i>Juncus trigonocarpus</i>, <i>Lachnocaulon anceps</i>, <i>Lycopodiella</i> spp., <i>Panicum virgatum</i> var. <i>cubense</i>, <i>Platanthera</i> spp., <i>Polygala</i> spp., <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> var. <i>pseudocaudatum</i>, <i>Rhexia alifanus</i>, <i>R. petiolata</i>, <i>Rhynchospora</i> spp., <i>Sarracenia purpurea</i>, <i>S. rubra</i>, <i>Scleria minor</i>, <i>Solidago stricta</i>, and <i>Xyris</i> spp. Rare plants associated with <i>Dionaea</i> include <i>Lysimachia asperulifolia</i>, <i>Oxypolis ternata</i>, <i>Rhynchospora pallida</i>, <i>R. stenophylla</i>, and <i>Tofieldia glabra</i>. Shrubs such as <i>Lyonia lucida</i>, <i>L. ligustrina</i> var. <i>foliosiflora</i>, <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>, <i>Leucothoe racemosa</i>, <i>Gaylussacia frondosa</i>, <i>Clethra alnifolia</i>, <i>Ilex glabra</i>, <i>I. coriacea</i>, and <i>Aronia arbutifolia</i> are also present and will dominate during periods without frequent fire.<br/><br/>Roberts and Oosting (1958) concluded that its range is probably limited by its requirements for a high water table, an organic hardpan less than 60 cm below the surface, and a pH range of 3.9-4.5 (Russo 1993). This species is typically in full sun with other insectivorous plants, most frequently in openings in pocosins or in pineland savanna, predominantly with longleaf pine overstory (Kral 1983). This species and its ecosystems depend on frequent fires to maintain their open character (Kral 1983); it will not persist in the shade of pine plantations (Kral 1983), but it can establish and persist along roadsides and in powerline corridors (Schafale pers. comm.), or where heavy logging has taken place adjacent to large seed sources (Kral 1983).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":"\"The outstanding features of the flytrap are the three irritable cilia on the face of each leaf-lobe which transmit the stimulus that causes the paired lobes to snap shut on an insect, and the eyelash-like cilia of the lobes which close together like the fingers when one's hands are folded, thus making sure the victim is securely held\" (Small 1933).","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":100013,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":114866,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagPalusHabId":114867,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"SCRUB-SHRUB WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL DE MATORRALES","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"FRUTICÉE HUMIDE","displayOrder":3}},{"cagPalusHabId":110877,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":5,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Bog/fen","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Pantanoso","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Tourbière oligotrophe/marais","displayOrder":5}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":761564,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2015. 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