{"elementGlobalId":156165,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Manilkara zapota</i>","scientificName":"Manilkara zapota","scientificNameAuthor":"(L.) van Royen","primaryCommonName":"Sapodilla","relatedItisNames":"<i>Manilkara zapota</i> (L.) van Royen (TSN 23823)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.156165","elcode":"PDSPT04060","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Manilkara zapota</i>","taxonomicComments":"Recorded as Achras zapota L. by Mills, 1957 (B57MIL0100LA).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2002-10-14","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Jaster, T. (TNC-LASP, 1995)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"ES","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":222199,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNA","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":619417,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":619417,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNA","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":222199,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T05:55:45.581809Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.156165/Manilkara_zapota","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2002-10-14","grankReviewDate":"2002-09-10","grankReasons":"Although cultivated throughout Central America and the West Indies, the original distribution of M. zapota is uncertain. It appears to be native to Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, and possibly El Salvador.","grank":"G5?","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":156165,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":31,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 1.000.000 de millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs from Central America to Florida, but is probably native only northward into Mexico.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":103923,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:03:11.819611Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":156165,"genusEconomicValue":true,"economicComments":"The fruits are eaten and have been \"improved\" in Florida. The trunk can be tapped every 2-3 years for obtaining a latex which contains 20-40% gum. \"Chicle\" extracted from Manilkara, is still in great demand as raw material for North American industry which produces the popular \"chewing gum\". Listed as a timber species exploited in Costa Rica in Alvarez and Poveda (1991). ***** The wood is used for posts, rafters, railroad ties and cabinet work, and it was the chief wood utilized in the ancient Maya temples. Bows, also were fashioned from it. The fruit is highly esteemed by many. The most important product of the tree is the gum or chicle obtained from the milky latex, and used as the basis of chewing gum. Chicle or \"tsicte\" was well known to the ancient Maya, being chewed to quench thirst and also as an accompaniment of meals (Mills 1957).","plantProductionMethods":[{"plantCagProdMethodId":100127,"productionMethod":{"id":1,"productionMethodDescEn":"Wild-harvested","productionMethodDescEs":"Cosecha silvestre","productionMethodDescFr":"Récolté dans la nature","displayOrder":1}},{"plantCagProdMethodId":100126,"productionMethod":{"id":2,"productionMethodDescEn":"Cultivated","productionMethodDescEs":"Cultivado","productionMethodDescFr":"Cultivé","displayOrder":2}}],"plantDurations":[{"plantCagDurationId":100807,"duration":{"id":3,"durationDescEn":"PERENNIAL","durationDescEs":"PERENNE","durationDescFr":"VIVACE","displayOrder":3}},{"plantCagDurationId":100808,"duration":{"id":5,"durationDescEn":"Long-lived","durationDescEs":"Larga vida útil","durationDescFr":"Longue durée de vie","displayOrder":5}}],"plantEconomicUses":[{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100733,"economicUse":{"id":1,"economicUseDescEn":"FOOD","economicUseDescEs":"ALIMENTOS","economicUseDescFr":"ALIMENTATION","displayOrder":1}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100734,"economicUse":{"id":4,"economicUseDescEn":"Fruit","economicUseDescEs":"Frutas","economicUseDescFr":"Fruits","displayOrder":4}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100739,"economicUse":{"id":12,"economicUseDescEn":"Other food","economicUseDescEs":"Otros alimentos","economicUseDescFr":"Autres aliments","displayOrder":12}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100737,"economicUse":{"id":21,"economicUseDescEn":"FIBER","economicUseDescEs":"FIBRA","economicUseDescFr":"FIBRE","displayOrder":21}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100738,"economicUse":{"id":22,"economicUseDescEn":"Building materials/timber","economicUseDescEs":"Materiales de construcción/madera de construcción","economicUseDescFr":"Matériaux de construction/bois d’œuvre","displayOrder":22}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100735,"economicUse":{"id":29,"economicUseDescEn":"INDUSTRIAL/CHEMICAL USE/PRODUCT","economicUseDescEs":"DISPOSITIVOS/PRODUCTOS INDUSTRIALES/QUÍMICOS","economicUseDescFr":"DISPOSITIFS/PRODUITS INDUSTRIELS/CHIMIQUES","displayOrder":29}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100736,"economicUse":{"id":31,"economicUseDescEn":"Gum/resin/latex","economicUseDescEs":"Goma/resina/látex","economicUseDescFr":"Gomme/résine/latex","displayOrder":31}}],"plantCommercialImportances":[{"plantCagCommImportId":100107,"commercialImportance":{"id":1,"commercialImportanceDescEn":"Major cash crop","commercialImportanceDescEs":"Principal cultivo comercial","commercialImportanceDescFr":"Culture commerciale de grande ampleur","displayOrder":1}},{"plantCagCommImportId":100108,"commercialImportance":{"id":2,"commercialImportanceDescEn":"Minor cash crop","commercialImportanceDescEs":"Cultivo comercial menor","commercialImportanceDescFr":"Culture commerciale de petite ampleur","displayOrder":2}},{"plantCagCommImportId":100109,"commercialImportance":{"id":3,"commercialImportanceDescEn":"Indigenous crop","commercialImportanceDescEs":"Cultivo nativo","commercialImportanceDescFr":"Culture autochtone","displayOrder":3}}]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":156165,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":155640,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:35:30.280604Z"}],"references":[{"id":128236,"citation":"Alvarez, Luis and Jorge Poveda. 1991. Arboles Maderables Nativos de Costa Rica. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica.","shortCitationAuthor":"Alvarez and Poveda","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91ALV0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:12:03.757834Z"},{"id":121077,"citation":"Brucher, H. 1989. Useful Plants of Neotropical Origin and Their Wild Relatives. Springer-Verlag. New York. 296 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brucher","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"L89BRU0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:52.180022Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":156289,"citation":"Little, E., Jr. &amp; Wadsworth, F. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 548 páges.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little and Wadsworth","shortCitationYear":1964,"referenceCode":"B64LIT0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:45.899912Z"},{"id":116281,"citation":"Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agriculture Handbook No. 541. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79LIT01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:07.632327Z"},{"id":109031,"citation":"Mills, T.H. 1957. Timber Trees of Northern Chiapas. Mexico, D.F.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mills","shortCitationYear":1957,"referenceCode":"B57MIL0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:05:24.845836Z"},{"id":104729,"citation":"Pennington, T. D. 1990. Sapotaceae. Flora Neotropica 52: 1-771. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pennington","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"L90PEN0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:03:47.719133Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":100213,"name":"Chico Sapote","language":"ES"},{"id":141847,"name":"sapodilla","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":156165,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":108,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Flowering Plants","level3":"Dicots","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":106,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5420},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Anthophyta","taxclass":"Dicotyledoneae","taxorder":"Ebenales","family":"Sapotaceae","genus":"Manilkara","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":156165,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Low limestone forest; margin lands around swamps, on dry rocky hill caps, and in the intermediate zone between the broad-leaved and coniferous forests in northern Belize.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}