{"elementGlobalId":155968,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i>","scientificName":"Echinocactus horizonthalonius","scientificNameAuthor":"Lem.","primaryCommonName":"Turk's-head Cactus","relatedItisNames":"<i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i> Lem. (TSN 19819)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155968","elcode":"PDCAC05020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"1988-01-27","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"LAMBERT, A.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":215500,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":415649,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":415649,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":547951,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":547951,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":617534,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":617534,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":215500,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T05:54:46.867807Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155968/Echinocactus_horizonthalonius","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1991-01-24","grankReviewDate":"1991-01-25","grankReasons":"Known from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":155968,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":34,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 80,000 to >1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a >2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a >1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à >2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à >1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"New Mexico from Sierra and Hidalgo Cos. to DeBaca and Eddy Cos.; just into Arizona; Texas W. of Pecos R. and near Rio Grande in Val Verde Co.; Mexico south at least to San Luis Potosi.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Fifty-three estimated EO's (Benson 1982). ","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Most cacti subject to horticultural collecting.","shortTermTrendComments":"Genetic information is not available (USFWS 2009). ","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"Verify EO's and search for additional populations.","numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":114009,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:02:43.866061Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":155968,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":null,"plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[],"plantEconomicUses":[],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":155968,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Protect from collecting if occurrence significant.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":155449,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:35:02.389395Z"}],"references":[{"id":667308,"citation":"Baker, M. 2007b. A multivariate study of morphological characters for <i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i> and <i>E. texenis</i> (Cactaceae). First draft report to School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. 13 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"U07BAK02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:04:25.079065Z"},{"id":667309,"citation":"Baker, M. 2009. Second draft report: A multivariate study of morphological characters for <i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i> and <i>E. texanus </i>(Cactaceae). Report to School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"U09BAK01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:02:43.866061Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":668069,"citation":"Peters, E. M., C. Martorell, and E. Ezcurra. 2009. The adaptive value of cued seed dispersal in desert plants: seed retention and release in <i>Mammillaria pectinifera</i> (Cactaceae), a small globose cactus. American Journal of Botany 96(2): 537-541.","shortCitationAuthor":"Peters et al.","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09PET01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:55:31.571093Z"},{"id":667383,"citation":"Thornton, B. 2007b. Nichols Turk's Head conservation at Ironwood Fores National Monument. Cactus and Succulent Journal 79(1): 7-9.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thornton","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"A07THO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:02:43.866061Z"},{"id":667307,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2009. Nichol turk's head cactus (<i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i> var. <i>nicholii</i>) 5-year review: Summary and evaluation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Phoenix, Arizona. 30 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"N09FWS09HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:04:25.079065Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":127324,"name":"devilshead","language":"EN"},{"id":116628,"name":"Devil's-head","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":155968,"cites":{"id":2,"citesDescEn":"Appendix II","citesDescEs":"Apéndice II","citesDescFr":"Annexe II"},"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":null,"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":108,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Flowering Plants","level3":"Dicots","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":106,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5420},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Anthophyta","taxclass":"Dicotyledoneae","taxorder":"Caryophyllales","family":"Cactaceae","genus":"Echinocactus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS","usesaComments":"Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii was listed endangered in 1979.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":131944,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.131944","formattedScientificName":"<i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i> var. <i>nicholii</i>","scientificName":"Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii","primaryCommonName":"Nichol's Turk's-head Cactus","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.131944/Echinocactus_horizonthalonius_var_nicholii"},{"infraspeciesId":142325,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142325","formattedScientificName":"<i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i> var. <i>horizonthalonius</i>","scientificName":"Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. horizonthalonius","primaryCommonName":"Turk's-head Cactus","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142325/Echinocactus_horizonthalonius_var_horizonthalonius"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":155968,"reproductionComments":"A small cactus species, growing only 10-12 inches high and about 6 inches wide, <i>Echinocactus horizonthalonius</i> have seeds that are cylindrical and roll down the side of the parent plant.  Self dispersal is therefore evident, and what may look like one plant is actually the parent plant, acting as a nurse plant, with offspring surrounding it (Thornton 2007).  Long distance dispersal by birds is not suspected given that fruits are heavily encased in a cage of spines (Thornton 2007).  Finally, serotiny, or delayed self-dispersal, is documented in the genus <i>Echinocactus, </i>and is a bet-hedging strategy employed by plants in arid environments, so that seeds are dispersed when environmental conditions are favorable for germination (Peters et al. 2009).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Limestone soils of rocky hills in the desert. Chihuahuan Desert populations are common between 750 and 1675 m elevation of a variety of topographic forms and on both igneous and sedimentary substrates, most commonly on limestone and gypsum soils (Baker 2007). Arizona populations (var. <i>nicholii</i>) occur in <i>Parkinsonia microphylla </i>scrub with <i>Ambrosia deltoidea, Carnegiea gigantea, Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa, Encelia farinosa, Fouquieria splendens, Krameria grayi</i>, and <i>Opuntia phaeacantha</i>; and individuals occur between 750 and 1250 m elevation exclusively on limestone substrates of dissected alluvial fans, inclined terraces and saddles between ridges (Baker 2007).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}