{"elementGlobalId":155656,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":10,"iucnDescEn":"Near threatened","iucnDescEs":"Cerca de estar amenazado","iucnDescFr":"Quasi-menacée","iucnCode":"NT"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Zamia integrifolia</i>","scientificName":"Zamia integrifolia","scientificNameAuthor":"Linnaeus f.","primaryCommonName":"Florida Coontie","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155656","elcode":"PGZAM01050","conceptRefFullCitation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Zamia integrifolia</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Zamia integrifolia </i>is included by Kartesz (1994, 1999) in the widespread species <i>Zamia pumila</i>. FNA (vol. 2, 1993) accepts <i>Zamia integrifolia</i> and says the report of <i>Z. pumila</i> in Florida is erroneous. Ward (2016) and Weakley (2024) recognize one species native to the U.S., <i>Z. integrifolia </i>with five varieties: <i>Z. integrifolia </i>var. <i>broomei, Z. integrifolia </i>var. <i>floridana, Z. integrifolia </i>var. <i>integrifolia, Z. integrifolia </i>var.<i> silvicola, Z. integrifolia </i>var.<i> umbrosa. </i>","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"1995-04-18","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Jaster, T. (TNC-LASP)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":206160,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":525699,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":525699,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":451908,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":451908,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":206160,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T05:53:16.172761Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155656/Zamia_integrifolia","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1988-01-01","grankReviewDate":"1988-01-01","grankReasons":"Found in southeastern Georgia and Florida (including the Florida Keys) in the United States, western Cuba, south-central Puerto Rico, the Cayman Islands and various islands in the Bahamas (Andros, Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, Long and New Providence). It grows in a variety of habitats including grassland, dune vegetation and forests and woodlands, both hardwood and softwood. Soils include sands near sea level and in soils derived from limestone. Once common in Florida, now uncommon and threatened by urban development. The root has been harvested locally throughout its range. Thought to have been introduced to and subsequently naturalized in \"various islands\", thus accounting for its widespread but sporadic distribution. Still exploited as the result of poaching from the wild.","grank":"G3G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":155656,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":null,"areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Still exploited as a result of poaching from the wild.","shortTermTrendComments":"The species was used throughout the West Indies as a source of starch by the nomadic Arawak Indians and they may have been responsible for transporting plants or seeds to various islands, thus accounting for its widespread but sporadic distribution.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Protected from international trade by CITES.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":103316,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T17:01:58.14693Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":155656,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":"The stems were once used as a source of starch by the Seminole Indians (after suitable treatment), and a small starch extraction industry was established in South Florida in the 1850's (giving rise to the common name of Florida Arrowroot). The species was also used throughout the West Indies as a source of starch by the nomadic Arawak Indians. The species is now widely used as an ornamental in many parts of the United States, planted outdoors in warmer climates and used as an indoor plant in colder areas. Unfortunately this Zamia is still exploited with most large plants originating as the result of poaching from the wild. The species is apparaently not safe in its native country, despite its being protected from international trade by CITES.","plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[{"plantCagDurationId":104464,"duration":{"id":3,"durationDescEn":"PERENNIAL","durationDescEs":"PERENNE","durationDescFr":"VIVACE","displayOrder":3}}],"plantEconomicUses":[{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100637,"economicUse":{"id":3,"economicUseDescEn":"Root/tuber","economicUseDescEs":"Raíz/tubérculo","economicUseDescFr":"Racine/tubercule","displayOrder":3}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100638,"economicUse":{"id":12,"economicUseDescEn":"Other food","economicUseDescEs":"Otros alimentos","economicUseDescFr":"Autres aliments","displayOrder":12}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100639,"economicUse":{"id":37,"economicUseDescEn":"Cultivated ornamental","economicUseDescEs":"Cultivo ornamental","economicUseDescFr":"Ornemental cultivé","displayOrder":38}}],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":155656,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":155158,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:34:16.638726Z"}],"references":[{"id":132991,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93FNA02HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:33.79037Z"},{"id":1150470,"citation":"Griffith, M.P., A.W. Meerow, M. Calonje, E. Gonzalez, K. Nakamura, and J. Francisco-Ortega. 2022. Genetic patterns of <i>Zamia </i>in Florida are consistent with ancient human influence and recent near extirpation. Int. J. Plant Sci. 183(3): 169-185.","shortCitationAuthor":"Griffith et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22GRI01HQUS","lastModified":"2025-03-01T00:18:18.786102Z"},{"id":108235,"citation":"Jones, D.L. 1993. Cycads of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 312 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"L93JON0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:46:57.227568Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":144964,"citation":"NatureServe. Unpublished. Concept reference for taxa for which no reference which describes the circumscription has been recorded; to be used as a placeholder until such a citation is identified.","shortCitationAuthor":"NatureServe","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"UNDABI02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:39:05.743843Z"},{"id":1133835,"citation":"Ward, D.B. 2016. Keys to the flora of Florida - 32, <i>Zamia </i>(Zamiaceae). Phytologia 98: 170-178.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ward","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16WAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-11-04T01:53:30.582781Z"},{"id":1141458,"citation":"Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24WEA01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-05-31T23:19:25.160531Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":155656,"cites":{"id":2,"citesDescEn":"Appendix II","citesDescEs":"Apéndice II","citesDescFr":"Annexe II"},"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":103,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Conifers and relatives","level3":"Cycads","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":101,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5320},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Cycadophyta","taxclass":"Cycadopsida","taxorder":"Cycadales","family":"Zamiaceae","genus":"Zamia","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1288654,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288654","formattedScientificName":"<i>Zamia integrifolia</i> var. <i>silvicola</i>","scientificName":"Zamia integrifolia var. silvicola","primaryCommonName":"Woodland Coontie","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288654/Zamia_integrifolia_var_silvicola"},{"infraspeciesId":1288657,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288657","formattedScientificName":"<i>Zamia integrifolia</i> var. <i>integrifolia</i>","scientificName":"Zamia integrifolia var. integrifolia","primaryCommonName":"Common Coontie","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288657/Zamia_integrifolia_var_integrifolia"},{"infraspeciesId":1288660,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288660","formattedScientificName":"<i>Zamia integrifolia</i> var. <i>floridana</i>","scientificName":"Zamia integrifolia var. floridana","primaryCommonName":"Cedar Key Coontie","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288660/Zamia_integrifolia_var_floridana"},{"infraspeciesId":1288663,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288663","formattedScientificName":"<i>Zamia integrifolia</i> var. <i>broomei</i>","scientificName":"Zamia integrifolia var. broomei","primaryCommonName":"Narrow-leaflet Coontie","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1288663/Zamia_integrifolia_var_broomei"},{"infraspeciesId":1128191,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1128191","formattedScientificName":"<i>Zamia integrifolia</i> var. <i>umbrosa</i>","scientificName":"Zamia integrifolia var. umbrosa","primaryCommonName":"East Coast Coontie","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1128191/Zamia_integrifolia_var_umbrosa"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":155656,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Grassland, dune vegetation, forests and woodlands, both hardwood and softwood. Soils include sands near sea level and those derived from limestone.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1141458,"citation":"Weakley, A.S., and Southeastern Flora Team. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States. Edition of March 4, 2024. University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2203 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24WEA01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-05-31T23:19:25.160531Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":108616,"elCode":"PGZAM01010","name":"Zamia pumila","formattedName":"<i>Zamia pumila</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.149436","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}