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arvensis is a native of Eurasia and was introduced to North America in the 1730s (Wiese and Phillips 1976). It spread westward, reaching Pennsylvania by 1812, Kansas by 1877, and all the western states by 1900 (Whitesides 1979). It was first reported in California near San Francisco in 1838 and now infests 1.8 million acres in the state (Rosenthal 1983). It is spread by sowing contaminated crop seed, planting nursery stock containing convolvulus roots, and seed or plant parts carried by animals and humans (Swan 1980).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":122909,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.127117Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":153913,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":"Convolvulus arvensis is one of the world's worst agricultural weeds and reduces yields in a large variety of crops. It has a large negative economic impact on agriculture and results in annual crop losses of over $25 million in California alone (Rosenthal 1983).","plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[],"plantEconomicUses":[],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":153913,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"The most effective means of controlling Convolvulus arvensis is by application of herbicides. Glyphosate and dicamba provide the best control when applied repeatedly at moderately high rates. Because of evidence of damage to crop plants from these chemicals, care should be taken to determine potential damage to desirable native plants. <br><br>Infestations of Convolvulus arvensis should be controlled at the earliest possible time because of the plant's ability to regenerate by both underground parts and seeds.","impacts":"Convolvulus arvensis can be a serious threat to native plant communities because it has such a great capacity for regeneration. Detached roots and rhizomes have the potential to produce large numbers of new shoots, thereby increasing both densities and spatial dominance. A high rate of seed production and long-term seed viability allow the plant to spread and persist. The broad range of environmental tolerances of the plant makes it highly competitive. It can maintain stable populations in a variety of different plant communities.","restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Convolvulus arvensis can be a serious weed in native plant communities. It can be a continuous threat in preserves near agricultural areas that have stable populations of this weed. A preserve with high quality natural areas can still be managed successfully if infestations of bindweed are localized. <br><br>With proper control measures, areas can be restored to desirable vegetation if infestations are localized or of low density. Some consideration should be given to the potential for continued reinvasion of a site through seed dispersal, especially from adjacent agricultural land.","managementMethods":"Convolvulus requires active management once it is established because of its potential to regenerate rapidly. Populations adjacent to preserves should also be monitored and, seed dispersal should be mitigated, if possible. <br><br>MECHANICAL CONTROL: There is no evidence of successful long-term control of Convolvulus arvensis with mechanical methods. Portions of roots and rhizomes becoming detached have the potential to produce new shoots. Mowing has a negligible effect unless plants are cut below the surface in the early seedling stage (Swan 1983). Well-established populations have a large seed pool in the soil that can remain viable for a long period of time. <br><br>CHEMICAL CONTROL: There is extensive literature on the control of Convolvulus arvensis with various herbicides. Although chemical treatment can be successful, it often requires high rates as well as repeated applications (Gigax and Messersmith 1978). Successful treatment of bindweed can result in substantial damage to desirable plants as well. <br><br>Glyphosate, dicamba, and 2,4-D are the herbicides that have the greatest effectiveness against bindweed. Foliar application of glyphosate can provide good control but only when applied at rates of 3.5 to 5 kg/ha (Banks et al. 1979, Wiese and Lavake 1981, Swan 1982, Peel and Evans 1983). Control is best during the period of early flowering (Alcock and Dickinson 1974) and is slightly more effective when soil moisture is low (Allen 1979). Even at high rates of application, repeated applications are advisable for long-term control. Wide variation in susceptibility to glyphosate has been observed in different biotypes of bindweed, with differences as great as 70% in injury rating for the same rate of application (DeGennaro and Weller 1984a). Tolerant biotypes display increased tolerance with age, while susceptible biotypes do not change. <br><br>Dicamba applied at the rate of 4.5 kg/ha can provide excellent control of bindweed, although some damage to agricultural crops has been observed this rate of application (Brinkman 1982). Applications of dicamba plus can also provide good control (Trichota and Foster 1981). Subsurface application of dicamba at a rate of 2 kg/ha is effective, but it has also been shown to damage crop plants (Banks et al. 1979) because of its long residence time (one to three years) in the soil (Swan 1982). <br><br>2,4-D can also provide good control at application rates of 4 kg/ha or greater, but it is generally not as effective as glyphosate or dicamba (Swan 1982). Translocation of this herbicide in the plant is generally more effective in seedlings than in older plants (Agbakoba and Goodin 1969). There are also differences in resistance among biotypes to applications of 2,4-D (Whitworth and Muzik 1967). <br><br>Hexazionone has been shown to be effective against Convolvulus arvensis but only at a high rate of application (9 kg/ha) (Allen 1979). Fosamine can also provide control but again only at a rate of application (14 kg/ha) high enough to damage crop plants (Wiese and Lavake 1981). <br><br>BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: Although an extensive effort has been undertaken to locate a good biological control for Convolvulus arvensis, none is currently available (Rosenthal et al. 1983). There are several insects that will defoliate the plant at high rates, but they are also potentially damaging to other members of the Convolvulaceae such as sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus) and morning-glories (Calystegia spp.).","monitoringMethods":"Monitoring is needed to determine the effectiveness of control methods and to evaluate the recovery of native plant species. Abundance and aerial extent of Convolvulus arvensis infestations should be closely monitored because of its potential to regenerate rapidly by both seeds and underground parts. Even small infestations should be viewed as serious. <br><br>Seed sources of the weed in areas adjacent to preserves should be identified, and seed dispersal mitigated, if possible.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":"Populations of Convolvulus arvensis adjacent to Jepson Prairie Preserve, California, are currently being monitored. This management is passive because the weed is not presently known to exist on the preserve. Bindweed does occur at the Vina Plains Preserve, California, but no efforts have yet been made to control it there (Griggs pers. comm. 1988). Contact: Tom Griggs, Preserve Manager, Cosumnes River Preserve, 7100 Desmond Road, Galt, CA 95632. (916) 864-2816.","managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Rates of herbicide applications high enough to kill bindweed have been shown to damage crop plants as well. Information is needed on the effect of chemicals such as glyphosate and dicamba on native plant communities.","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":153511,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:30:08.775724Z"}],"references":[{"id":142430,"citation":"Agbakoba, C. S. O., and J. R. Goodin. 1969. 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Control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) with foliar and subsurface herbicides. Weed Sci. 27: 332-335.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banks et al.","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"A79BAN01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.127117Z"},{"id":129846,"citation":"Best, K. F. 1963. Note on the extent of lateral spread of field bindweed. Can. J. Plant Sci. 43: 230-232.","shortCitationAuthor":"Best","shortCitationYear":1963,"referenceCode":"A63BES01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":127145,"citation":"Brinkman, B. A. 1982. Dicamba and dicamba tankmixes for field bindweed control applied between cropping systems. Proc. W. Soc. Weed Sci. 35: 128-131.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brinkman","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"A82BRI02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":111686,"citation":"Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal, and P.K. Holmgren. 1984. Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4, Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae). New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 573 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cronquist et al.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"B84CRO04HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:36.992156Z"},{"id":112403,"citation":"DeGennaro, F. P., and S. C. Weller. 1982. Field bindweed biotype studies in Indiana. Proc. N. Cent. Weed Control Conf. 37: 47-48.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGennaro and Weller","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"A82DEG01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":105669,"citation":"DeGennaro, F. P., and S. C. Weller. 1984a. Differential susceptibility of field bindweed (<i>Convolvulus arvensis</i>) biotypes to glyphosate. Weed Sci. 32: 472-524.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGennaro and Weller","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84DEG01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":145286,"citation":"DeGennaro, F. P., and S. C. Weller. 1984b. Growth and reproductive characteristics of field bindweed (<i>Convolvulus arvensis</i>) biotypes. Weed Sci. 32: 525-528.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGennaro and Weller","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84DEG02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.127117Z"},{"id":138507,"citation":"Gigax, D. R., and C. G. Messersmith. 1978. Field bindweed control with fall-applied glyphosate and 2,4-D. Proc. N. Cent. Weed Control Conf. 33: 153-158.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gigax and Messersmith","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"N78GIG01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":136193,"citation":"Griggs, T. 1988. Sacramento Valley Area Manager, The Nature Conservancy. Personal communication with M. J. Russo, The Nature Conservancy, Western Regional Office. October 15, 1988.","shortCitationAuthor":"Griggs","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"P88GRI01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":118698,"citation":"Hickman, M. V., and D. G. Swan. 1983. Comparison of rhizomes to lateral roots of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) for seasonal variation in establishment. Proc. W. Soc. Weed Sci. 36: 77-81.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hickman and Swan","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83HIC01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.127117Z"},{"id":147448,"citation":"Holm, L.G., P. Donald, J.V. Pancho, and J.P. Herberger. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. The University Press of Hawaii: Honolulu, Hawaii. 609 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Holm et al.","shortCitationYear":1977,"referenceCode":"B77HOL01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:20:47.531299Z"},{"id":150242,"citation":"Jordon, L. S., and J. L. Jordan. 1982. Effect of pre-chilling on Convolvulus arvensis L. seed coat and germination. Ann. 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Weed Sci. 15: 275-280.","shortCitationAuthor":"Whitworth and Muzik","shortCitationYear":1967,"referenceCode":"A67WHI01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":128129,"citation":"Wiese, A. F., and D. E. Lavake. 1981. Control of field bindweed with postemergence herbicides. Proc. N. Cent. Weed Control Conf. 36: 35-36.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wiese and Lavake","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"N81WIE01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.143045Z"},{"id":110870,"citation":"Wiese, A. F., and W. M. Phillips. 1976. Field bindweed. Weeds Today 7: 22-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wiese and Phillips","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"N76WIE01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:57:43.127117Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":126829,"name":"field bindweed","language":"EN"},{"id":137646,"name":"Liseron des champs","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":153913,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":null,"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":108,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Flowering Plants","level3":"Dicots","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":106,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5420},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Anthophyta","taxclass":"Dicotyledoneae","taxorder":"Solanales","family":"Convolvulaceae","genus":"Convolvulus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":"GS006304"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":153913,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":"The extensive root system of Convolvulus arvensis enables it to colonize new areas rapidly. The primary root is a taproot from which lateral roots develop. Most lateral roots die back each year, but some persist for several years, spreading horizontally. Buds arise on the lateral roots 50-100 cm from the parent taproot (Hickman and Swan 1983) and develop into rhizomes that have the potential to establish new crowns when they reach the surface (Weaver and Riley 1982). Excised root segments establish new roots and crowns more effectively than rhizome segments. The periods of best establishment are spring and late summer (Swan and Chancelor 1976), which coincide with the normal tillage period in agriculture. In general, root regeneration from vertical roots and rhizomes is probably more important than from lateral root segments. <br><br>Convolvulus arvensis has the potential for extensive lateral spread through regeneration from underground parts. Best (1963) found that a 5-cm section of a lateral root with buds could produce as many as 25 shoots four months after planting. Four months after transplanting, shoots can be produced up to 120 cm from the transplant. Shoots can be found nearly 300 cm away from the transplant after 15 months. Even young seedlings have the ability to resprout successfully. Swan (1983) cut bindweed seedlings 1 cm below the surface and studied subsequent regeneration. Regrowth occurred one to four weeks after plants were cut and was correlated more strongly with the age of the seedlings than with the aboveground biomass. All plants cut 44 days after emergence regenerated, but some plants cut only 20 days after emergence regenerated as well. <br><br>Convolvulus arvensis overwinters by means of its roots and rhizomes. Shoots are killed back to the crown by freezing temperatures, but hardened roots can withstand temperatures as low as -6 C (Weaver and Riley 1982). During the winter dormant period, food reserves in the plant remain stable as only a small amount is used in respiration. The reserves are gradually depleted during emergence and leaf development. Leaves return carbohydrates to the roots, but until the later growth stages, food is used faster than it is replaced (Swan 1980). The large carbohydrate reserve in roots contributes to the regenerative capacity of C. arvensis. Roots commonly grow to a depth of 2 m but have been found as deep as 9 m (Phillips 1978). <br><br>Natural variation in morphology and growth of Convolvulus arvensis is evidenced by different biotypes. Among biotypes are found differences in leaf morphology, floral characteristics, and biomass allocation to roots and shoots (DeGennaro and Weller 1982). Time of flowering can vary by as much as 23 days, with earliest flowering plants having 19 times more flowers per plant than the latest flowering plants. The number of root buds that develop into shoots can vary from 2% to 75% (Degennaro and Weller 1984b). Biotypes can also be distinguished by differences in resistance to herbicides. For a given rate of application of glyphosate, top kill can vary from 25% to 100%. Glyphosate application of 1.7 kg/ha killed 100% of a sensitive type, while an application of 3.4 kg/ha killed only 40% of a resistant type (DeGennaro and Weller 1984a). Biotypes appear to be self-incompatible, thereby insuring outcrossing and maximum genetic variability in the next generation. <br><br>Environmental conditions also affect the morphological and physiological characteristics of C. arvensis. Plants growing under low-moisture conditions have smaller leaves with more cuticular wax. Plants growing in semi-arid regions are usually more resistant to control than in humid regions because they have less leaf area, thicker cuticles, lower leaf-to-root ratios, and generally slower metabolic processes (Meyer 1978). <br><br>Seed production is variable and depends on environmental conditions. Seed set is usually greater in dry, warm weather and on dry, calcareous soils, and it is usually poor during rainy periods or in poorly drained soil (Whitesides 1979). Each seed weighs about 10 mg. The number of seeds produced per plant ranges from 25 to 300, although the spatial limit of a plant is sometimes difficult to determine (Weaver and Riley 1982). Seeds have a hard, impermeable seed coat. They generally fall near the parent plant but can be dispersed by mammals and birds after ingestion, by water, and as a contaminant in crop seeds (Holm et al. 1977). <br><br>Convolvulus arvensis seeds can remain viable in the soil for over 20 years (Timmons 1949). Seeds are able to germinate as soon as 15 days after pollination, and scarified seeds will germinate over a wide range of temperatures (Weaver and Riley 1982). Chilling greatly enhances germination by increasing seed coat porosity and enhancing for the exchange of gases and water. Seeds chilled at 5 C for 21 and 24 days had germination rates of 55% and 85%, respectively, as compared to 10% for unchilled seeds (Jordan and Jordan 1982).","habitatComments":"Convolvulus arvensis is distributed throughout the world from latitude 60 degrees N to 45 degrees S and is found in temperate, tropical, and Mediterranean climates (Holm et al. 1977). It is found in dry to moderately moist soils and can survive long periods of drought. It grows best on fertile soils but persists on poor, rocky soils as well. It is a troublesome weed in cultivated fields, pastures, gardens, roadsides, and various native plant communities. It is found in large patches rather than as isolated plants and grows best in open communities in association with annual, biennial, and short-lived weeds (Weaver and Riley 1982).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":"Convolvulus arvensis can be confused with several other members of the Convolvulaceae (Morning-glory family). C. sepium is quite similar in appearance but can be distinguished by its larger leaves, flowers, and seeds, and by two large bracts inserted at the base of the flower. C. spithamaeus is shorter than C. arvensis and is erect with oval leaves. Several species of Ipomoea resemble C. arvensis, but they can be distinguished by their annual habit, capitate stigma, longer sepals, and blue or purple corolla. Polygonum convolvulus (Polygonaceae) can be confused with C. arvensis due to its arrow-shaped leaves and twining stems but is distinguished by its annual habit and clusters of small green flowers in the leaf axils.","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":107674,"elCode":"PDCON05090","name":"Convolvulus incanus","formattedName":"<i>Convolvulus incanus</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.154490","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}