{"elementGlobalId":152746,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":4,"iucnDescEn":"Endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","iucnDescFr":"En voie de disparition","iucnCode":"EN"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pinus palustris</i>","scientificName":"Pinus palustris","scientificNameAuthor":"P. Mill.","primaryCommonName":"Longleaf Pine","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pinus palustris</i> P. Mill. (TSN 18038)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.152746","elcode":"PGPIN040R0","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Pinus palustris</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-05-14","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Knapp, Treher, and Wichmann (2020), rev. C. Nordman and A. Eberly (2024).","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":215008,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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from Florida as far north as southeastern Virginia and on the Gulf Coastal Plain from Florida to Texas. It also occurs in the Piedmont and southern Ridge and Valley Province. While the Longleaf Pine ecosystem has declined to just a small percentage of its former footprint, the species persists with an estimated 1.07 billion trees rangewide, as of 2020. There are many habitat restoration and conservation efforts focused on this species and the Longleaf Pine ecosystem across the species range. The primary threats to this species are fire suppression, development, certain forestry practices and conversion of land for agriculture. Invasive exotic species are also a threat.","grank":"G4G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":152746,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":5,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable to not intrinsically vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable a no intrínsecamente vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"De moyennement à non intrinsèquement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":2,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >80%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":32,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":11,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Desconocido","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtentComments":"Longleaf Pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i>) occurs in the southeastern United States on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia south to the Florida Peninsula, and west on the Gulf Coastal Plain to east Texas. Its range extends into the Piedmont in North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, and the low mountains of the Ridge and Valley Province in Alabama and Georgia (Carey 1992), the range extent is about 1.2 million square kilometers based on herbarium collections, photo based observation records, and other data (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024). The species is introduced and managed in Maryland and also occurs in, but is possibly cultivated and not native to Arkansas and Delaware (Serviss and Peck 2013, Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":97,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"2,501-12,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 2.501 a 12.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 2 501 à 12 500","bioticsKey":44},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"The area of occupancy of Longleaf Pine is estimated to be over 2,530 2 km by 2 km grid cells using specimen and photo based observation records documented between 2004 and 2024 (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024). As of 2020, Longleaf Pine forest types occupied slightly more than 1.8 million hectares (4.5 million acres) across the southeastern United States (Oswalt and Guldin 2021).","numberEosComments":"By applying a 1 km separation distance to herbarium and photo-based observation records documented between 1993 and 2024, it is estimated that there are over 2,640 occurrences rangewide (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, SEINet 2024). It is considered common throughout much of the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States (Weakley and Southeastern Flora Team 2023).","popSizeComments":"Based on data from USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), in 2012, Oswalt et al. estimated there were 910 million Longleaf Pine trees, throughout its range. As of 2020, there were estimated to be 1.07 billion Longleaf Pine trees with diameter >1 inch, 15 percent of them in the large diameter class, 25 percent in the medium diameter class, and 60 percent in the small diameter class (Oswalt and Guldin 2021).","viabilityComments":"The long-term viability of intact, natural stands of Longleaf Pine will depend on continued ecosystem management including prescribed fire.","threatImpactComments":"The primary causes of decline are ongoing conversion of habitat for development, forestry practices (which have often replaced Longleaf Pine with other species), lack of fire, and (mostly past) conversion of land to agriculture, but the threats are difficult to quantify rangewide. Invasive exotic species are threats, including the destruction of seedlings by feral hogs, and invasive plants such as Cogon Grass (<i>Imperata cylindrica</i>), Rose Natal Grass (<i>Melinis repens</i> ssp. <i>repens</i>), Old World Climbing Fern (<i>Lygodium microphyllum</i>), and on wetter sites Chinese Tallow-tree (<i>Triadica sebifera</i>). While there are numerous low level threats, there are many conservation, restoration, monitoring, and ecosystem management efforts underway for this species and its ecosystem rangewide, mitigating some of those threats. The long-term persistence of intact, natural stands of Longleaf Pine will depend on continued ecosystem management including prescribed fire, which will need to be implemented within the constraints of increased wildland urban interface issues, higher costs, liability concerns and human health related smoke management restrictions.","shortTermTrendComments":"Estimating short term trend is challenging, as most estimates on decline report the loss of Longleaf Pine forest types, not tree counts. It has been estimated that by 1986, 98% of presettlement <i>Pinus palustris </i>woodlands in the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States were lost due to timber harvest, turpentine, conversion of lands for agriculture, urban development, and lack of fire with fire suppression (Noss 1989, 1995, Ware et al. 1993, Gilliam and Platt 2006). Using the number of trees, in millions, they report a decline of 27% between 1970 and 2010 (Oswalt et al. 2012). Short term trend is considered for a time period of 100 years or 3 generation lengths and the generation length for this species is around 30 years. A decline over the last 3 generations (90 to 100 years), is at least over 30%. The trend from 2012 to 2020 shows a net increase of 94,000 hectares (232,000) acres to 1.8 million hectares (4.5 million acres), and the area in medium diameter size classes, of trees 13-23 cm (5-8.9 inches) in diameter has nearly doubled to 485,000 hectares (1.2 million acres). The recent considerable efforts to restore and protect Longleaf Pine Forests have begun to show some results (Oswalt and Guldin 2021).","longTermTrendComments":"Long term trend accounts for about 100 years of decline prior to 1920. The previous extent of Longleaf Pine was 24-36 million hectares (60-90 million acres), or as much as 37 million hectares (92 million acres) according to Frost (2006) (Oswalt et al. 2012). As of 2020, Longleaf Pine occupied slightly more than 1.8 million hectares (4.5 million acres) across the southeastern United States (Oswalt and Guldin 2021). It is estimated that this species declined to less than 10% of it's former volume by 1930 due to harvest for timber and turpentine extraction practices (Price 1989). The combination of short and long term trends allows for a total decline of over 60% in the last 200 years.","inventoryNeeds":"Data and analysis from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) monitoring plots have documented the status and recent trends of Longleaf Pine (Oswalt et al. 2012, Oswalt and Guldin 2021).","numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs on many National Forests, Department of Defense lands, and State conservation lands, especially in Florida (GBIF 2024, iNaturalist 2024, Oswalt and Guldin 2021).","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is long-lived and reaches reproductive maturity at around 30 years of age. It produces good seed crops every 3-4 years with mast episodes occurring every 7-10 years. The seeds are winged but only disperse short distances, with most falling within 20 m of the parent tree. While seeds will readily germinate on many surfaces, bare mineral soils exposed by fire result in the greatest survival rates post germination (Carey 1992).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":143084,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:54:56.218372Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":152746,"genusEconomicValue":true,"economicComments":null,"plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[{"plantCagDurationId":103418,"duration":{"id":3,"durationDescEn":"PERENNIAL","durationDescEs":"PERENNE","durationDescFr":"VIVACE","displayOrder":3}},{"plantCagDurationId":103419,"duration":{"id":5,"durationDescEn":"Long-lived","durationDescEs":"Larga vida útil","durationDescFr":"Longue durée de vie","displayOrder":5}},{"plantCagDurationId":103420,"duration":{"id":7,"durationDescEn":"EVERGREEN","durationDescEs":"CONIFERA","durationDescFr":"À FEUILLAGE PERSISTANT","displayOrder":7}}],"plantEconomicUses":[],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":152746,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"The successful regeneration and growth of Longleaf Pine depends on forest management practices on a schedule specific for the needs of this tree. Prescribed fire on some interval is needed on most sites for the long-term success of Longleaf Pine. Forest management practices can be timed to be most effective, and may include thinning, and control of invasive exotic species where needed. There have been many recent advances in the understanding and implementation of management practices for successful Longleaf Pine regeneration and growth (Oswalt and Guldin 2021).","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":152393,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:27:26.117255Z"}],"references":[{"id":662561,"citation":"Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2010. U.S. County-Level Atlas of the Vascular Flora of North America (http://www.bonap.org/MapSwitchboard.html). Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2010. Floristic Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biotia of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)].","shortCitationAuthor":"BONAP","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"W10BON01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:54:56.218372Z"},{"id":1055683,"citation":"Carey, J. H. 1992. Pinus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Online. Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinpal/all.html (accessed 17 Apr 2020).","shortCitationAuthor":"Carey","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"W92CAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-04-30T04:35:13.264631Z"},{"id":132991,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93FNA02HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:33.79037Z"},{"id":1140641,"citation":"Gilliam, F. S., and W.J. Platt. 2006. Conservation and Restoration of the <i>Pinus Palustris </i>Ecosystem. Applied Vegetation Science 9(1):7–10.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gilliam and Platt","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06GIL01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-08-03T20:04:47.634298Z"},{"id":1137646,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).","shortCitationAuthor":"GBIF","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24GBI01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-01-05T23:15:07.149253Z"},{"id":1137645,"citation":"iNaturalist. 2024. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org (accessed 2024).","shortCitationAuthor":"iNaturalist","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24INA01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-01-05T23:28:38.204526Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":116281,"citation":"Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agriculture Handbook No. 541. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79LIT01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:07.632327Z"},{"id":1140639,"citation":"Noss, R.F. 1989. Longleaf Pine and Wiregrass: Keystone Components of an Endangered Ecosystem. Natural Areas Journal 9(4):211–13.","shortCitationAuthor":"Noss","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89NOS03HQUS","lastModified":"2024-08-03T20:04:47.635319Z"},{"id":1121262,"citation":"Oswalt, C., J. M. Guldin, James M. 2021. Status of longleaf pine in the South: an FIA update. 25 p. Unpublished report. On file with: Chris Oswalt, Southern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, 4700 Old Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN 37919.","shortCitationAuthor":"Oswalt and Guldin","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"N20OSW01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:46:27.824455Z"},{"id":1055685,"citation":"Oswalt, C.M., J.A. Cooper, D.G. Brockway, H.W. Brooks, J.L. Walker, K.F. Connor, S.N. Oswalt, and R.C. Conner. 2012. History and current condition of longleaf pine in the southern United States. General Technical Report SRS-166. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. 51 pp. [http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/42259]","shortCitationAuthor":"Oswalt et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"G12OSW01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-04-30T04:35:13.264631Z"},{"id":1140638,"citation":"Price, R.A. 1989. The Genera of Pinaceae in the Southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 70(2):247–305","shortCitationAuthor":"Price","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89PRI01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-08-03T20:04:47.63133Z"},{"id":1126734,"citation":"Serviss, B.E., and J.H. Peck. 2013. Rediscovery of <i>Persea borbonia</i> var. <i>borbonia </i>(Lauraceae), <i>Prosopis</i> <i>glandulosa</i> var. <i>glandulosa</i> (Fabaceae), and <i>Pinus palustris</i> (Pinaceae) in Arkansas, with three new angiosperm species for Arkansas (U.S.A.). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 7(2):841–845.","shortCitationAuthor":"Serviss et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13SER01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-05-05T22:58:07.078298Z"},{"id":1137650,"citation":"Southwest Environmental Information Network (SEINet). 2024. Collections Databases. Online. Available: https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/index.php (accessed 2024).","shortCitationAuthor":"SEINet","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24SEI01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-01-06T02:24:31.377212Z"},{"id":1141462,"citation":"Ware, S., C. C. Frost, and P. D. Doerr. 1993. Southern mixed hardwood forest: The former longleaf pine forest. Pages 447-493 in: W. H. Martin, S. G. Boyce, and A. C. Echternacht, editors. Biotic communities of the southeastern United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. 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