{"elementGlobalId":149952,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":10,"iucnDescEn":"Near threatened","iucnDescEs":"Cerca de estar amenazado","iucnDescFr":"Quasi-menacée","iucnCode":"NT"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Taxus brevifolia</i>","scientificName":"Taxus brevifolia","scientificNameAuthor":"Nutt.","primaryCommonName":"Pacific Yew","relatedItisNames":"<i>Taxus brevifolia</i> Nutt. (TSN 194884)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.149952","elcode":"PGTXA01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Taxus brevifolia</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2002-03-28","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"WAHP, rev. Maybury, K., rev. K. 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brevifolia</i> occurs in northwestern North America, from northwest California north to southernmost southeast Alaska and east to Montana. It is not uncommon within its main range of distribution, with distribution patterns ranging from scattered to dense patches. Thousands of occurrences are estimated to exist. However, this species is also slow-growing, does not reproduce rapidly, and has a somewhat narrow ecological range. Although it is somewhat resistant to minor disturbances, with harvest it can fairly easily be eliminated from areas. Therefore, logging activity, occurring throughout much of its range, is the most significant current threat to this species. In the past, there was concern that it could be threatened by harvest of its bark for extraction of the anticarcinogen taxol. However, appropriate substitute species and methods for obtaining this drug have been identified, so harvest for this purpose is does not appear to be a significant threat at this time.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":149952,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":13,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many (13-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Varias ocurrencias (13 a 40) adecuadamente protegidas y controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"Plusieurs occurrences (de 13 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":9,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio - bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen — faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"<i>Taxus brevifolia</i> is limited to the Pacific Northwest of North America, ranging from northwest California north to southernmost southeast Alaska and east to British Columbia and Montana (Vance et al. 2001).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":94,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"501-2,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 501 a 2.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 501 à 2 500","bioticsKey":41},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Ecological range within occupied areas somewhat narrow (J. Arnett pers. comm. 2008).","numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Not uncommon within the main range of distribution. Patterns of distribution vary from scattered to dense patches throughout its wide range (Vance et al. 2001).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Overall distribution and abundance threatened by logging activities. Possible harvest of the plant for the anticarcinogen taxol (contained in its bark) was a concern in the past; however, harvest pressure has eased considerably, because ways of synthesizing taxol from the leaves of Eurasian yew trees, mainly <i>Taxus baccata</i> and <i>T. yunnanensis</i>, have been developed. Most taxol supplied today is synthesized this way (Taxolog, Inc. 2001), and collection of wild <i>T. brevifolia</i> for taxol extraction is not believed to pose a significant threat to the species at this time.","shortTermTrendComments":"Species abundance declining in some areas due to habitat destruction by logging activities. Harvesting of bark for medicinal purposes and timber harvest practices resulted in loss/reductions of populations in the past (Vance et al. 2001), but is not believed to pose a significant threat currently.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"Survey known range and habitat of the species in order to assess true nature of species distribution and ecological tolerances.","numberProtEosComments":"Species occurs in several parks and preserves.","protectionNeeds":"Protect species from possible future threats.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Fairly resistant to minor disturbances. However, it does not reproduce rapidly and with harvest it can fairly easily be eliminated from areas (J. Arnett pers. comm. 2008).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"The ecological range of this species is somewhat narrow (J. Arnett, pers. comm. 2008)."},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":132432,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:48:15.274789Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":149952,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":"Currently there is only a very modest economic incentive to harvest bark for medicinal purposes. 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U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79LIT01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:07.632327Z"},{"id":137756,"citation":"Taxolog, Inc. 2001. The taxol story. Available at: http://www.taxolog.com/taxol.html. Accessed June 19, 2002.","shortCitationAuthor":"Taxolog, Inc.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"N01TAX01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:48:15.274789Z"},{"id":150590,"citation":"Vance, N.C., M. Borsting, D. Pilz, and J. Freed. 2001. Special forest products: Species information guide for the Pacific Northwest. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-513. 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Common associates in more mesic situations (where most of the trees are found) include Pseudotsuga menziesii, Berberis nervosa, Polystichum munitum, and Acer circinatum (Bolsinger and Jaramillo 1990). Tolerates a wide range of temperature conditions. Elevations range from sea level to 2440 m at the southern end of its range, in the Sierra Nevada (Bolsinger and Jaramillo 1990)","habitatComments":"An understory tree of Pacific Northwest forests, found in light to deep shade. Somewhat moist forests, especially along streams and on slopes (Hitchcock, et al. 1955). 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