{"elementGlobalId":147411,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":4,"iucnDescEn":"Endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","iucnDescFr":"En voie de disparition","iucnCode":"EN"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pinus radiata</i>","scientificName":"Pinus radiata","scientificNameAuthor":"D. Don","primaryCommonName":"Monterey Pine","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pinus radiata</i> D. Don (TSN 183372)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.147411","elcode":"PGPIN040V0","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Pinus radiata</i>","taxonomicComments":"By some considered to include two varieties (var. <i>radiata</i> in California and var. <i>binata</i> in Mexico), but Little (1979), FNA (1993), Kartesz (1994), and the Jepson Flora Project (2018) do not maintain this distinction.","roundedGRank":"G1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2020-05-20","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Russo, Mary (TNC WRO, 1989), rev. L. Morse (1996), rev. A. Olivero (2003), rev. Bittman (2016), rev. Treher (2018, 2020)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":234128,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":408261,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":408261,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2016,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":234128,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T05:11:02.607865Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.147411/Pinus_radiata","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2020-05-20","grankReviewDate":"2020-05-20","grankReasons":"<i>Pinus radiata</i> occurs in California on the Monterey Peninsula in three areas: San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties, Monterey County, and San Luis Obispo County; and on two islands (Guadalupe and Cedros islands) offshore of Baja California, Mexico. Despite being naturalized throughout the world, there are only 7 to 8 natural populations of the species known. The Guadalupe Island population was once nearly driven to extinction due to feral goats that graze seedlings, but feral goats are nearly eradicated from the island. The Monterey and Cambria populations are highly threatened by urbanization. The timber from this species is highly regarded and plantations have been established in a number of countries.","grank":"G1","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":147411,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":6,"numberEosDescEn":"6 - 20","numberEosDescEs":"De 6 a 20","numberEosDescFr":"De 6 à 20"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":12,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Few (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Pocos (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Peu (de 4 à 12)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":1,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"<i>Pinus radiata</i> occurs in Mexico, offshore of Baja California (Guadalupe and Cedros islands), and in the US on the Monterey Peninsula of California, in three areas: San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties, Monterey County, and San Luis Obispo County. The species is widely cultivated, and often escaped and naturalized, in southern Oregon, Europe, Africa, Australia, New Zealand (Jepson Flora Project 2018).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":79,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"6-25","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 6 a 25","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 6 à 25","bioticsKey":26},"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are five occurrences in California and possibly three in Mexico: one on Guadalupe Island and two on Cedros Island (CNDDB 2018; Farjon 2013c).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species is threatened by development, genetic contamination, pine pitch canker disease in mainland populations, forest fragmentation, and feral goats (California Native Plant Society 2001). It is also threatened by invasive exotic plants and past logging and fire suppression. Feral goats have been, or are nearly, eradicated from Guadalupe Island. Apparently Cedros Island never had feral goats (Farjon 2013c). Occurrences on the Monterey peninsula are fragmented by past development and some are still at risk of development pressure.","shortTermTrendComments":"On the Monterey Peninsula, only one-half of the species historical range remains undeveloped (California Native Plant Society 2001).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":131633,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:42:07.581796Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":147411,"genusEconomicValue":true,"economicComments":"Fast growing trees produce wood of excellent commercial quality. Wood variously used for pulp, plywood, building and packaging materials (Food and Agriculture Organization 1986). The species is cultivated on a commercial scale in Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, Spain, South Africa, and the British Isles (Cope 1993; Tree Talk 1994). The species is also used for erosion control, especially for stabilizing soils on steep slopes. In addition, the species is used as a Christmas tree, sound barrier, and as an ornamental (Cope 1993).","plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[{"plantCagDurationId":102684,"duration":{"id":3,"durationDescEn":"PERENNIAL","durationDescEs":"PERENNE","durationDescFr":"VIVACE","displayOrder":3}},{"plantCagDurationId":102683,"duration":{"id":7,"durationDescEn":"EVERGREEN","durationDescEs":"CONIFERA","durationDescFr":"À FEUILLAGE PERSISTANT","displayOrder":7}}],"plantEconomicUses":[{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100278,"economicUse":{"id":21,"economicUseDescEn":"FIBER","economicUseDescEs":"FIBRA","economicUseDescFr":"FIBRE","displayOrder":21}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100279,"economicUse":{"id":22,"economicUseDescEn":"Building materials/timber","economicUseDescEs":"Materiales de construcción/madera de construcción","economicUseDescFr":"Matériaux de construction/bois d’œuvre","displayOrder":22}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":101365,"economicUse":{"id":36,"economicUseDescEn":"LANDSCAPING","economicUseDescEs":"PAISAJISMO","economicUseDescFr":"AMÉNAGEMENT PAYSAGER","displayOrder":37}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":101367,"economicUse":{"id":37,"economicUseDescEn":"Cultivated ornamental","economicUseDescEs":"Cultivo ornamental","economicUseDescFr":"Ornemental cultivé","displayOrder":38}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":101366,"economicUse":{"id":38,"economicUseDescEn":"Revegetation","economicUseDescEs":"Revegetación","economicUseDescFr":"Végétalisation","displayOrder":39}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":101364,"economicUse":{"id":39,"economicUseDescEn":"Erosion control","economicUseDescEs":"Control de la erosión","economicUseDescFr":"Contrôle de l’érosion","displayOrder":40}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":101368,"economicUse":{"id":40,"economicUseDescEn":"Windbreak","economicUseDescEs":"Plantación de cortavientos","economicUseDescFr":"Plantation brise-vent","displayOrder":41}}],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":147411,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":147350,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T04:15:08.559731Z"}],"references":[{"id":125328,"citation":"California Native Plant Society (CNPS). 2001. Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California (sixth edition). Rare Plant Scientific Advisory Committee, David P. Tibor, Convening Editor. California Native Plant Society. Sacramento, CA. x + 388pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"CNPS","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01CNP01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:38:23.118192Z"},{"id":998903,"citation":"California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). 2018. RareFind Version 5.2.14. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.","shortCitationAuthor":"CNDDB","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"N18CND01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:55:42.118135Z"},{"id":1002836,"citation":"Cope, A. B. 1993. <i>Pinus radiata</i>. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Online. Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinrad/all.html (accessed 22 May 2018).","shortCitationAuthor":"Cope","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"W93COP02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:42:07.581796Z"},{"id":1002837,"citation":"Farjon, A. 2013c. <i>Pinus radiata</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42408A2977955. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42408A2977955.en\">http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42408A2977955.en</a> (accessed 22 May 2018).","shortCitationAuthor":"Farjon","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13FAR03HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:42:07.581796Z"},{"id":992761,"citation":"Farjon, A. 2017. A Handbook of the World’s Conifers: vol. 1 and 2. 2nd edition. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. 1153 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Farjon","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17FAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:04:55.111043Z"},{"id":132991,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93FNA02HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:33.79037Z"},{"id":104251,"citation":"Forest Resources Division, Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization Forestry Dep't. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and provenances. Food and Agriculture Organization Forestry Paper 77. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.","shortCitationAuthor":"Forest Resources Division","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86FOR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:42:07.581796Z"},{"id":992782,"citation":"Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2018. Jepson eFlora. Online. Available: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html (accessed 2018).","shortCitationAuthor":"Jepson Flora Project","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"W18JEP01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:55:46.056102Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":116281,"citation":"Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agriculture Handbook No. 541. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79LIT01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:07.632327Z"},{"id":111702,"citation":"Munz, P.A., and D.D. Keck. 1973. A California Flora and Supplement. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 1905 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Munz and Keck","shortCitationYear":1973,"referenceCode":"B73MUN01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:27.601581Z"},{"id":152953,"citation":"Woods of the World Compact (IBM Windows), [CD-ROM]. (1994). Available: Tree Talk.","shortCitationAuthor":"Woods of the World Compact (IBM Windows)","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"N94TRE0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:12:03.757834Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":100144,"name":"Insignis Pine","language":"EN"},{"id":125269,"name":"Monterey pine","language":"EN"},{"id":100145,"name":"Radiata Pine","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":147411,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":102,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Conifers and relatives","level3":"Conifers","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":101,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5310},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Coniferophyta","taxclass":"Pinopsida","taxorder":"Pinales","family":"Pinaceae","genus":"Pinus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":134076,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.134076","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pinus radiata</i> var. <i>binata</i>","scientificName":"Pinus radiata var. binata","primaryCommonName":"Monterey Pine","nsxUrl":null}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":147411,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"This species occurs in closed-cone coniferous forest and cismontane woodlands between elevations of elevations of 25 and 1,100 m and thrives on almost pure sand, sandy loam, gravelly and sandy clays in areas with frequent summer fogs where winter and early springs rains can produce between 330 and 457 mm of precipitation (California Native Plant Society 2001; FAO 1986). 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Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. 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