{"elementGlobalId":137428,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Rhizophora mangle</i>","scientificName":"Rhizophora mangle","scientificNameAuthor":"L.","primaryCommonName":"Red Mangrove","relatedItisNames":"<i>Rhizophora mangle</i> L. (TSN 27791)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.137428","elcode":"PDRHI03010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Rhizophora mangle</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"1994-04-21","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Blythe, K. (TNC-LASP)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":203403,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":422440,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":422440,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":523798,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":523798,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":203403,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T04:20:44.883512Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.137428/Rhizophora_mangle","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1985-08-29","grankReviewDate":"1994-04-21","grankReasons":"Found on shores of central and southern Florida including Florida Keys, Bermuda, and throughout West Indies to Trinidad and Tobago and Dutch West Indies. Also on both coasts of continental tropical America from central Mexico south to Ecuador, northwestern Peru and to Brazil (Little and Wadsworth 1964). Found in Melanesia, Polynesia, Galapagos Islands (Chudnoff 1993), Cape Verde Islands, Hawaii (Tree Talk 1994) and along the west coast of Africa (Record and Mell 1924). In parts of northern South America there are very extensive mangrove swamps at the mouths of all the great rivers and fringing the coast in certain places. The accessible stands in Venezuela have been seriously depleted and the forests around Lake Maracaibo now produce only small-sized poles. The forests of Porto Cabello have been practically destroyed and are now areas of low scrubby growth. On the deeper soils, muddy banks, and islands of the Orinoco delta, however, there are pure stands of red mangrove still in virgin condition (Record and Mell 1924).","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":137428,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Found on shores of central and southern Florida including Florida Keys, Bermuda, and throughout West Indies to Trinidad and Tobago and Dutch West Indies. Also on both coasts of continental tropical America from central Mexico south to Ecuador, northwestern Peru and to Brazil (Little and Wadsworth 1964). Found in Melanesia, Polynesia, Galapagos Islands (Chudnoff 1993), Cape Verde Islands, Hawaii (Tree Talk 1994) and along the west coast of Africa (Record and Mell 1924).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"In parts of northern South America there are very extensive mangrove swamps The accessible stands in Venezuela have been seriously depleted and the forests around Lake Maracaibo now produce only small-sized poles. The forests of Porto Cabello have been practically destroyed and are now areas of low scrubby growth. On muddy, deeper soils of banks and islands of the Orinoco delta, however, there are pure stands of red mangrove still in virgin condition (Record and Mell 1924).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Has been heavily exploited for timber (Record and Mell 1924).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":108657,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:53.075811Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":137428,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":"The timber is (has been) employed for rafters, scantling, beams, joists, braces, knees and ribs of boats, and miscellaneous construction, and also for posts, piling, railway ties, charcoal and fuel. The chief use is (has been) for tannin extracted from the bark which is also used for dyeing and medicine (Record and Mell 1924). The tree serves as a timber species in Costa Rica (Alvarez 1991). Other general timber applications of this species are cooperage, railroad crossties, rafters, fencing, tannery, charcoal (Santos 1987), turnery, life boats and mining timbers (Tree Talk 1994).","plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[],"plantEconomicUses":[{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100565,"economicUse":{"id":22,"economicUseDescEn":"Building materials/timber","economicUseDescEs":"Materiales de construcción/madera de construcción","economicUseDescFr":"Matériaux de construction/bois d’œuvre","displayOrder":22}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":100566,"economicUse":{"id":27,"economicUseDescEn":"Fuelwood","economicUseDescEs":"Leña","economicUseDescFr":"Bois de chauffage","displayOrder":27}}],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":137428,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":137853,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T03:50:35.412924Z"}],"references":[{"id":128236,"citation":"Alvarez, Luis and Jorge Poveda. 1991. Arboles Maderables Nativos de Costa Rica. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica.","shortCitationAuthor":"Alvarez and Poveda","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91ALV0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:12:03.757834Z"},{"id":133450,"citation":"Chudnoff, Martin. 1993. Tropical Timbers of the World. Handbook number 607. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chudnoff","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93CHU0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:05:24.845836Z"},{"id":793837,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2016. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 12. Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiv + 603 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"B16FNA12HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:30.544326Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":156289,"citation":"Little, E., Jr. &amp; Wadsworth, F. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 548 páges.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little and Wadsworth","shortCitationYear":1964,"referenceCode":"B64LIT0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:45.899912Z"},{"id":116281,"citation":"Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agriculture Handbook No. 541. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79LIT01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:07.632327Z"},{"id":117134,"citation":"Record, S., and C. Mell. 1924. Timbers of Tropical America. New Haven: Yale University Press, U.S.A. 610 pages.","shortCitationAuthor":"Record and Mell","shortCitationYear":1924,"referenceCode":"L24REC0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:45.882903Z"},{"id":108829,"citation":"Santos, Eurico. 1987. Nossas Madeiras. Chapter IV. Editora Itatiaia Limitada, Brazil.","shortCitationAuthor":"Santos","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87SAN0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:55:04.226913Z"},{"id":152953,"citation":"Woods of the World Compact (IBM Windows), [CD-ROM]. (1994). Available: Tree Talk.","shortCitationAuthor":"Woods of the World Compact (IBM Windows)","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"N94TRE0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:12:03.757834Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":122856,"name":"red mangrove","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":137428,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":108,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Flowering Plants","level3":"Dicots","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":106,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5420},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Anthophyta","taxclass":"Dicotyledoneae","taxorder":"Rhizophorales","family":"Rhizophoraceae","genus":"Rhizophora","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":137428,"reproductionComments":"The seed, while still attached to the tree, develops a radicle which, when detached, falls like a dart and sticks upright in the mud ready to put forth leaves and roots immediately; some are carried away by tides and can thus populate newly formed mudbars and islands.","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Occurs in mangrove swamps at the mouths of large estuarine rivers and fringing ocean coast in certain places (Record and Mell 1924).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":793837,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 2016. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 12. Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiv + 603 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"B16FNA12HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:30.544326Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}