{"elementGlobalId":137133,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":3,"iucnDescEn":"Critically endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro crítico","iucnDescFr":"Gravement menacée d’extinction","iucnCode":"CR"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Torreya taxifolia</i>","scientificName":"Torreya taxifolia","scientificNameAuthor":"Arn.","primaryCommonName":"Florida Torreya","relatedItisNames":"<i>Torreya taxifolia</i> Arn. (TSN 194890)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.137133","elcode":"PGTXA02020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Torreya taxifolia</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2009-03-11","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Morse, L. (1987), rev. L. Morse (2000), rev. C. Nordman (2009)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":212195,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":608790,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":608790,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":482135,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":482135,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":593516,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":593516,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":2009,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":212195,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T04:19:07.403515Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.137133/Torreya_taxifolia","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1987-01-07","grankReviewDate":"2009-03-11","grankReasons":"Endemic to about a dozen ravine complexes along the Apalachicola River in Florida and adjacent Georgia. Within this unusual habitat, the species was once common. However, since the late 1950s, a fungal pathogen of uncertain origin and no known control has decimated the populations. There are currently no reproducing individuals known in the wild and the species is persisting only as stump shoots and occasional root sprouts. Most of the Georgia habitat was eliminated by flooding from a major dam.","grank":"G1","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":137133,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":1,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":7,"numberEosDescEn":"6 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 6 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 6 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":2,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"None to very few (0-3)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"De ninguno a muy pocos (0 a 3)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"D’aucun à très peu (0 à 3)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":4,"popSizeDescEn":"1 - 2500 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 1 a 2.500 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 1 à 2 500 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":8,"rangeExtentDescEn":"100-250 square km (about 40-100 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 100 a 250 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 40 a 100 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 100 à 250 km carrés (de 40 à 100 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":3,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >70%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >70%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >70 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Very narrow endemic, known only from ravines along east bank of the Apalachicola river in the Florida panhandle (Liberty and Gadsten Counties) and adjacent southwesternmost Georgia (Seminole and Decatur Counties). Kral reports for Jackson County, Florida but basis unclear; the Florida Natural Areas Inventory has mapped one occurrence in Jackson County, but it is believed extirpated.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Based on only the localities seen since 1970, the area of occupancy is 92 square km based on a 4 km square grid cell.","numberEosComments":"Known from about a dozen ravine complexes along the east bank of the Apalachicola River in Florida and adjacent Georgia. Approximately 29 occurrences have been mapped in Florida and 2 in Georgia.","popSizeComments":"Few if any reproducing trees left anywhere. Hundreds, perhaps over a thousand shoots from blighted roots.","viabilityComments":"Fungus blight has infected all natural stands and few if any reproducing mature trees remain in the wild.","threatImpactComments":"The greatest threat to this species is the fungal blight that has affected all or nearly all naturally occurring individuals (USFWS 1986, Schwartz et al 2000). Other factors cannot be ignored, however, particularly because they may render the trees susceptible to infection. They include logging of ravines or adjacent uplands, alteration of hydrologic patterns, and changes in microclimate by creation of impoundments. Large populations of deer or hogs could damage what few trees remain; deer rub against and break brittle <i>Torreya</i> stems (Southeastern Wildlife Services Inc. 1982), and hogs root up seedlings (Kral 1983). One recently-documented Florida site is threatened by development.","shortTermTrendComments":"Sharp decline since the 1950s due to fungus blight (Schwartz et al 2000).","longTermTrendComments":"This species was historically locally abundant within its restricted range and habitat. Documented decline of 98.5% in the 100 years from 1900 to 2000 (Schwartz et al 2000).","inventoryNeeds":"Seek additional occurrences along Apalachicola.","numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences on preserves or parklands where habitat protected. However, fungus blight has infested all stands.","protectionNeeds":"Remaining unprotected natural sites should be protected to shelter and prolong genetic diversity of the species. Although the prognosis for <i>Torreya</i> is not good, existing populations and areas of suitable habitat should be protected in case the cause of the decline is determined and healthy individuals can be reintroduced into the wild (as proposed in the Florida Torreya Recovery Plan, USFWS 1986). A good site would show evidence of a thriving <i>Torreya</i> population in the past (as indicated by numerous root sprouts or dead trunks), and would be protected from potential disturbances such as logging. The most crucial sites to protect are those that contain one or more sexually mature, fruiting female trees. Healthy cultivated trees are also quite important to this species' future, since currently the species produces seed only on mature cultivated trees substantially disjunct from the blight-infested natural populations.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Persists for decades as stump shoots, but does not reach reproducing size before being killed back by fungus.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":108342,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.528051Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":137133,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":null,"plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[],"plantEconomicUses":[],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":137133,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"<br>1. Conduct research concerning identification and control of factor(s) responsible for <i>Torreya </i>decline. <br><br>2. Protect and monitor remaining trees, locate wild seed-bearing trees. <br><br>3. Protect <i>Torreya </i>habitat. <br><br>4. Maintain diversity of shoots until fungus can be cured. Transplant to areas far removed from fungus spores.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"The potential for recovery is very low; most individuals in the wild are diseased, and none are known to be producing fruit. Even healthy trees might not survive in their native habitat if factors other than disease are responsible for their decline.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Because land use of areas adjacent to ravines can affect drainage and other characteristics of the habitat (USFWS 1986), Torreya sites should include a buffer zone. This zone might consist of pine woods above the crest of a ravine and/or areas of a drainage system upstream from the Torreya site.","managementMethods":"Unfortunately, little can be done to protect Torreya trees in the wild (Martin 1987, pers. comm.). Application of fungicides has been recommended by Alfieri et al. (1967) and Stalter and Dial (1984), but the Florida Torreya Recovery Plan (USFWS 1986) noted that applications of Maneb, Benomyl, Daconil (Chlorthanlonil) and Zyban to Torreya trees in Maclay Gardens over the past 25 years have not succeeded in controlling the blight (USFWS 1986). Fungicide use at Torreya State Park has also been unsuccessful (Martin 1987, pers. comm.). In addition, these chemicals might harm beneficial mycorrhizal fungi that may be associated with Torreya roots (USFWS 1986). <br><br>Because deer may break Torreya stems, some trees, especially those that are seed-bearing, may need to be protected during rutting season. Maturing seeds may need protection from squirrels and other frugivores. <br><br>Although attempts to protect Torreya trees in the wild may be futile, it is important to preserve suitable habitats in case the decline can be halted. The primary requirement for maintenance of the habitat appears to be lack of disturbances such as logging of ravines or adjacent uplands, creation of impoundments, or other alteration of hydrologic and land use patterns. Historically, occasional fires may have burned down into the upper slopes of ravines from adjacent upland pine woods (Platt 1987, pers. comm.). Infrequent fires during particularly dry years might be beneficial to the upper ravine woods (Platt 1987, pers. comm.). <br><br>Seed-bearing trees could be protected from deer by fencing or deer repellents. Squirrels could be excluded by covering the entire tree with hardware cloth or by protecting individual seeds with screen wire bags (USFWS 1986). Possible rodent taste repellents include nicotine sulfate, fox urine, pepper sauce and ammonia (USFWS 1986). Management and monitoring programs should be coordinated with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jacksonville Field Office.","monitoringMethods":"Natural populations should be monitored so that the numbers and status of remaining individuals can be determined. Monitoring would also help locate sexually mature trees. Seeds from wild trees are needed to increase the genetic diversity of seeds used for propagation (now obtained only from cultivated trees). <br><br>Individuals should be marked with permanent tags (not directly attached to the individual) and censused yearly. Ideally, all remaining trees should be tagged and mapped. Observations such as height, stem diameter, extent of infection and number of sprouts from a single stump could be recorded. Female trees of seed-bearing size should be identified and checked for fruit production in the fall.","managementProgramContacts":"No known programs, although one may be instituted at The Nature Conservancy's Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve.","monitoringProgramContacts":"The Preserve Manager of The Nature Conservancy's Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve (Bristol, Florida) is planning to institute a monitoring program.","managementResearchPrograms":"Research concerning propagation techniques is being carried out at Maclay Gardens, Tallahassee, Florida, and at various private nurseries and botanical gardens (Martin 1987, pers. comm.).","managementResearchNeeds":"Much research is needed concerning the biology of the species, its habitat requirements, and identification and control of the fungal pathogens and other factors responsible for its decline.","biologicalResearchNeeds":"Study fungus disease, seek origin, cure.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":100325,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T03:49:54.912341Z"}],"references":[{"id":139973,"citation":"Alfieri, S.A., Jr., A.P. Martinez, and C. Wehlburg. 1967. Stem and needle blight of Florida Torreya, <i>Torreya taxifolia</i> Arn. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 80:428-431.","shortCitationAuthor":"Alfieri et al.","shortCitationYear":1967,"referenceCode":"A67ALF01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.528051Z"},{"id":114404,"citation":"Baker, W.W., compiler. 1985. Endangered species information system species workbook: <i>Torreya taxifolia</i>. Unpublished report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"U85BAK01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.543667Z"},{"id":105367,"citation":"Barnard, E. Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida. Personal Communication.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barnard","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDBAR02HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.528051Z"},{"id":136956,"citation":"Clewell, A.F. 1985. Guide to vascular plants of the Florida panhandle. Florida State Univ. Press, Tallahassee, Florida. 605 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Clewell","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85CLE01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:49.414343Z"},{"id":132991,"citation":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). 1993a. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xvi + 475 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNA","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93FNA02HQUS","lastModified":"2024-07-05T22:45:33.79037Z"},{"id":136974,"citation":"Godfrey, R.K. 1988. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of northern Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens. 734 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"B88GOD01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:56:46.400339Z"},{"id":121969,"citation":"Godfrey, R.K. and H. Kurz. 1962. The Florida torreya destined for extinction. Science 136:900-902.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey and Kurz","shortCitationYear":1962,"referenceCode":"A62GOD01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.528051Z"},{"id":154408,"citation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kartesz","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"B94KAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:02.397953Z"},{"id":117213,"citation":"Kral, R. 1983a. A report on some rare, threatened or endangered forest related vascular plants of the south. USFS technical publication R8-TP2, Atlanta, GA. Vol. 1: 718 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kral","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83KRA01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:00:47.669738Z"},{"id":143482,"citation":"Kral, R. 1983c. A report on some rare, threatened, or endangered forest-related vascular plants of the South. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Technical Publication R8-TP2, Athens, GA. 1305 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kral","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83KRA01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:55:09.414768Z"},{"id":128064,"citation":"Kurz, H. 1938. <i>Torreya </i>west of the Apalachicola River. Proceedings of the Florida Academy of Sciences 3:66-77.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kurz","shortCitationYear":1938,"referenceCode":"A38KUR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.543667Z"},{"id":121094,"citation":"Kurz, H., and R.K. Godfrey. 1962. Trees of northern Florida. Univ. Florida Press, Gainesville. 311 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kurz and Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1962,"referenceCode":"B62KUR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:57:35.80731Z"},{"id":120182,"citation":"Little, E.L., Jr. 1978. Atlas of United States trees. Vol. 5: Florida. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1361. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 126 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78LIT01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.528051Z"},{"id":116281,"citation":"Little, E.L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agriculture Handbook No. 541. U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Little","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79LIT01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:07.632327Z"},{"id":114652,"citation":"Martin, D. Botanist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jacksonville, Florida. Personal Communication","shortCitationAuthor":"Martin","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDMAR05HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.543667Z"},{"id":134277,"citation":"Morse, Larry E. Personal Communication. North American Botanist, NatureServe, Arlington, VA. Formerly Chief Botanist, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Morse","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDMOR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-12-04T23:11:00.188772Z"},{"id":151773,"citation":"Platt, W. Biologist, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida. Personal Communication.","shortCitationAuthor":"Platt","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"PNDPLA01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:03:18.343954Z"},{"id":136671,"citation":"Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Univ. North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 1183 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Radford et al.","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"B68RAD01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:58.336397Z"},{"id":117423,"citation":"Reinsmith, W.H. 1934. Exploring for <i>Torreya </i>trees in the Apalachicola bluff country. Unpublished report. Florida Forest Service, Tallahassee.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reinsmith","shortCitationYear":1934,"referenceCode":"U34REI01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.528051Z"},{"id":105662,"citation":"Savage, T. 1983. A Georgia station for <i>Torreya taxifolia</i> Arn. survives. Florida Scientist 46:62-64.","shortCitationAuthor":"Savage","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83SAV01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.543667Z"},{"id":645387,"citation":"Schwartz, M. W., S. M. Hermann, and P. J. van Mantgem. 2000. Estimating the magnitude of the decline of Florida torreya (<i>Torreya taxifolia </i>Arn.). Biological Conservation 95(1): 77-84.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schwartz et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00SCH01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.543667Z"},{"id":104807,"citation":"Small, J.K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Two volumes. Hafner Publishing Company, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Small","shortCitationYear":1933,"referenceCode":"B33SMA01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:49.414343Z"},{"id":124504,"citation":"Southeastern Wildlife Services, Inc. 1982. A distribution survey of the populations of Taxus floridana and Torreya taxifolia in Florida. Unpublished report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Contract Number: 14-16-0004-81-069.","shortCitationAuthor":"Southeastern Wildlife Services","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"U82SWS01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.543667Z"},{"id":143819,"citation":"Stalter, R., and S. Dial. 1984. Environmental status of the stinking cedar, <i>Torreya taxifolia</i>. Bartonia 50:40-42.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stalter and Dial","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84STA01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.528051Z"},{"id":119674,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1986. Florida torreya (<i>Torreya taxifolia</i>) recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 42 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"N86FWS10HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:17:11.543667Z"},{"id":140833,"citation":"Ward, D.B., ed. 1979. Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Vol. 5: Plants. Univ. Presses of Florida, Gainesville.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ward","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79WAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:57:38.30736Z"},{"id":145842,"citation":"Wunderlin, R.P. 1982. Guide to the vascular plants of central Florida. Univ. Presses Florida, Gainesville. 472 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wunderlin","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82WUN01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:56:11.696678Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":122788,"name":"Florida nutmeg","language":"EN"},{"id":120348,"name":"Florida-nutmeg","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":137133,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":{"id":4,"fwsRegionDescEn":"Southeast","fwsRegionDescEs":"Sureste","fwsRegionDescFr":"Sud-Est"},"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":1,"usesaDescEn":"Endangered","usesaDescEs":"Catalogado como en peligro de extinción","usesaDescFr":"En voie de disparition","usesaCode":"E"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":102,"level1":"Plants","level2":"Vascular Plants - Conifers and relatives","level3":"Conifers","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":101,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":5310},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Coniferophyta","taxclass":"Pinopsida","taxorder":"Taxales","family":"Taxaceae","genus":"Torreya","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":"1984-01-23","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"The USFWS found that the petition to downlist Florida torreya (<i>Torreya taxifolia</i>) does not present substantial scientific or commercial information indicating the petitioned action may be warranted, and is therefore not initiating a status review (Federal Register 29 September 2021).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":153325,"synonym":"Tumion taxifolium","synonymAuthor":"(Arn.) Greene","formattedSynonym":"<i>Tumion taxifolium</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Vascular Plants","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":137133,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":"Torreya trees do not reach reproductive maturity until they are 15-20 years old (USFWS 1986). Reproductive structures appear in March or April (USFWS 1986), and pollen is disseminated by wind (Baker 1985). Seeds mature in September to October of the second year following pollination and, when mature, are often gathered by squirrels (USFWS 1986). Seeds germinate in one to three years (usually two), following a period of warm and then cool temperatures (USFWS 1986). <br><br>Although many trees were cut for fence posts and other uses, the Torreya was still relatively abundant in the under- to mid-story of ravine woods and bluffs along the Apalachicola River early in this century (Reinsmith 1934, Kurz 1938). In the early 1960's, however, Godfrey and Kurz (1962) discovered that almost all large trees had died, apparently as a result of a fungal blight that produced lesions and necrosis of leaves and stems. At present, most (possibly all) of the trees in the wild are root sprouts that rarely survive to reproductive maturity; many or most cultivated trees are also infected (USFWS 1986). Alfieri et al. (1967) isolated a number of different fungi from infected trees, most of which are relatively common soil inhabitants. Many authorities believe that the fungal infections are merely symptoms of a decline precipitated by other factors such as increased sunlight or alteration of seepage patterns following logging of ravine woods and/or adjacent upland pine forests, repeated droughts, or a change in microclimate following construction of the Jim Woodruff dam in 1956 (Savage 1983, USFWS 1986). It has also been suggested that an introduced soil-borne pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi, might have played a part in the Torreya decline (USFWS 1986, Barnard 1987).","habitatComments":"Rich, dark, sandy loam soils of hardwood hammock slopes, ravines, and bluffs. Usually in steephead ravines (deep cuts made by erosion into coastal plain sediments). The ravines are much cooler and more moist than the land surface above and harbor remnants of the more temperate flora that existed in the region during the Tertiary ice ages. Uninterrupted seepage and a humid microclimate appear to be important characteristics of the habitat. 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