{"elementGlobalId":1370586,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Phrynosoma hernandesi</i>","scientificName":"Phrynosoma hernandesi","scientificNameAuthor":"Girard, 1858","primaryCommonName":"Greater Short-horned Lizard","relatedItisNames":"<i>Phrynosoma hernandesi</i> Girard, 1858 (TSN 564594)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1370586","elcode":"ARACF12120","conceptRefFullCitation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","conceptName":"<i>Phrynosoma hernandesi</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Phrynosoma ornatissimum</i> is recognized as a species separate from <i>P. hernandesi</i> by Nicholson (2025) based on the works of Montanucci (2015) and Leaché et al. (2021). Leaché et al. (2021) inferred three main populations within <i>P. hernandesi</i> based on phylogenetic and demographic analyses of RADseq SNP data. Although Leaché et al. (2021) did not recognize those three populations taxonomically, they largely correspond to taxa recognized by Montanucci (2015) and are subsequently considered subspecies by Nicholson (2025). The three subspecies of <i>P. hernandesi</i> are: 1) <i>P. h. hernandesi</i> (southern population, consisting of <i>P. h. hernandesi</i> Girard, 1858 plus <i>P. bauri</i> Montanucci, 2015 plus <i>P. diminutum</i> Montanucci, 2015); 2) <i>P. h. brevirostris</i> (northern population, <i>P. brevirostris</i> Girard, 1858); and 3) <i>P. h. ornatum</i> (western population, retains the name from Girard, 1858). Hoza et al. (2023) provided additional evidence that <i>P. diminutum</i> is not a separate species from <i>P. hernandesi</i> and is part of the southern population of that species (i.e., subspecies <i>hernandesi</i>).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-11-19","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2005); rev. R. L. 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species is widespread in southwestern Canada, the western U.S., and adjacent extreme northern México. There do not appear to be any rangewide threats, but this species has experienced some habitat loss and degradation.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":1370586,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":37,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in southwestern Canada, the western United States, and adjacent northern México. The range includes southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan in Canada; eastern Montana, the western Dakotas, Wyoming, western Nebraska, southwestern Oregon, southeastern Idaho, northeastern Nevada, much of Utah, much of Colorado, northwestern and eastern Arizona, northern and western New Mexico, and western Texas in the U.S.; and northeastern Sonora and northwestern Chihuahua in México (Leaché et al. 2021, Hoza et al. 2023).<br/><br/><br/>Populations in central and southern New Mexico and extreme western Texas that were previously considered part of this species are now attributed to <i>P. ornatissimum </i><i>ornatissimum </i>and Mexican populations that were previously considered part of this species in western and central Chihuahua, eastern Durango, and northwestern Zacatecas are now attributed to <i>P. ornatissimum brachycercum</i> (Leaché et al. 2021).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by very many occurrences that are well-distributed throughout the wide range (Degenhardt et al. 1996, Hammerson 1999, Werner et al. 2004).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10,000 and likely exceeds 100,000. The species is locally common (Degenhardt et al. 1996), but it can be fairly difficult to find in areas where it has been previously observed, even when habitat conditions appear to be stable (Hammerson 1999).","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Habitat loss and degradation (e.g., urbanization and intensive cultivation, conversion of native shrubland to dense grass) have caused local declines, but the species appears to face no major threats over most of the vast range (Olson 2009).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"There are many occurrences on conservation lands and private lands with no immediate threat of development.","protectionNeeds":"Control of invasive plant species that degrade habitat is needed.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1370586,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats ants and other insects, spiders, snails, sowbugs, and other invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive during cold weather; active April-October in Colorado (Hammerson 1982).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":15,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103985,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103986,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":116192,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1162,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Phrynosomatid Lizards","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that lizards rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh; urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Phrynosomatid lizards have small home range sizes, usually less than 0.5 ha (often much less) and rarely more than 1 ha  (see examples in BCD EO Specs). In a study that documented exceptionally large home range size for a phrynosomatid, Munger (1984a) found that single-season home range size of <i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i> in southern Arizona averaged less than 2.5 ha. Dispersal distances are poorly known, and most studies have not been designed to detect long distance movements. The separation distance for suitable habitat is a compromise between the typical sedentary habits of these lizards, their physical ability to cover fairly large distances in a short period of time, their tendency to occur throughout patches of suitable habitat, and the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent populations.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:06:33.240021Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":1370586,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Studies needed on threats and their impacts.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[],"references":[{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":103692,"citation":"Degenhardt, W. G., C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price. 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. xix + 431 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Degenhardt et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":138394,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1982b. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver. vii + 131 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":104501,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Second edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. xxvi + 484 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":144150,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A., and H. M. Smith. 1991. The correct spelling of the name of the short-horned lizard of North America. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 27(3):121-127.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson and Smith","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:46.574581Z"},{"id":1159435,"citation":"Hoza, J., H. R. Davis, and A. D. Leaché. 2023. Genomic data do not support the species status of the San Luis Valley Short-horned Lizard (<i>Phrynosoma diminutum</i>). Ichthyology & Herpetology, 111(3):390-396.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hoza et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23HOZ01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-06T08:50:18.099962Z"},{"id":1159408,"citation":"Leaché, A. D., H. R. Davis, S. Singhal, M. K. Fujita, M. E. Lahti, and K. R. Zamudio. 2021. Phylogenomic assessment of biodiversity using a reference-based taxonomy: an example with horned lizards (<i>Phrynosoma</i>). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9:678110.","shortCitationAuthor":"Leache et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21LEA03NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-06T08:50:18.09897Z"},{"id":972399,"citation":"Montanucci, R.R. 2015. A taxonomic revision of the <i>Phrynosoma douglasii </i>species complex (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). Zootaxa 4015:1-77.","shortCitationAuthor":"Montanucci","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15MON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:03.051749Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":1159762,"citation":"Olson, D. H. 2009. Herpetological conservation in northwestern North America. Northwestern Naturalist 90: 61-96.","shortCitationAuthor":null,"shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"A09OLS01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-06T08:50:18.095961Z"},{"id":141008,"citation":"Pianka, E. R., and W. S. Parker. 1975. Ecology of horned lizards: a review with special reference to <i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>. Copeia 1975(1):141-162.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pianka and Parker","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"A75PIA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:43.547884Z"},{"id":145940,"citation":"Powell, G. L., and A. P. Russell. 1998. The status of short-horned lizards, <i>Phrynosoma douglasii</i> and <i>P. hernandesi</i>, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112:1-16.","shortCitationAuthor":"Powell and Russell","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98POW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:43.547884Z"},{"id":107204,"citation":"Reeder, T. W., and R. R. Montanucci. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards (Phrynosomatidae: <i>Phrynosoma</i>): evidence from mitochondrial DNA and morphology. Copeia 2001:309-323.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reeder and Montanucci","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01REE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:43.547884Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":111031,"citation":"Zamudio, K. R., K. B. Jones, and R. H. Ward. 1997. Molecular systematics of short-horned lizards: biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex. 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New localities have been documented since the previous assessment, and the distribution of the species is no longer considered to be severely fragmented. Range-wide threats include habitat modification by invasive plants and increased vulnerability to summer droughts and freeze/thaw events associated with climate change. Approximately 70% of the population occurs in Grasslands National Park, but subpopulations outside the protected area, including all subpopulations in Alberta, are subject to additional threats including agriculture, oil and gas drilling, increased predation because of habitat modification, and other human developments. Current trends in population size and habitat quality in Alberta are unknown. The species is close to meeting criteria for Threatened because of its small range, inferred and projected reduction in habitat quality, its patchy distribution, and its specific habitat requirements.<br/><br/>Status History: Designated Special Concern in April 1992. Status re-examined and designated Endangered in April 2007. Status re–examined and designated Special Concern in November 2018.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1370590,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1370590","formattedScientificName":"<i>Phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi</i>","scientificName":"Phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi","primaryCommonName":"Hernandez's Short-horned Lizard","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1370590/Phrynosoma_hernandesi_hernandesi"},{"infraspeciesId":1370591,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1370591","formattedScientificName":"<i>Phrynosoma hernandesi ornatum</i>","scientificName":"Phrynosoma hernandesi ornatum","primaryCommonName":"Great Basin Short-horned Lizard","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1370591/Phrynosoma_hernandesi_ornatum"},{"infraspeciesId":1014639,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1014639","formattedScientificName":"<i>Phrynosoma hernandesi brevirostris</i>","scientificName":"Phrynosoma hernandesi brevirostris","primaryCommonName":"Plains Short-horned Lizard","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1014639/Phrynosoma_hernandesi_brevirostris"}],"ebarId":"EBAR106178","ebarCanadianScope":true,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000796"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1370586,"reproductionComments":"Gives birth to 5-36 young, July- September (Stebbins 1985). Sexually mature in 2 or more years (Hammerson 1982, Nussbaum et al. 1983).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Habitats of this lizard range from semiarid plains to high mountains; usually the species is in open, shrubby, or openly wooded areas with sparse vegetation at ground level; soil may vary from rocky to sandy (Degenhardt et al. 1996, Hammerson 1999, Stebbins 2003, Werner et al. 2004). 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E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":116812,"elCode":"ARACF12080","name":"Phrynosoma hernandesi","formattedName":"<i>Phrynosoma hernandesi</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106178","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":78437,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":1,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Residential & commercial development","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"1 - Residential & commercial development","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":4,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Small: Affects a small proportion (1-10%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Small (1-10%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":2,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious: Likely to seriously degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 31-70%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious or 31-70% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":78438,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":2,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"1.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Housing & urban areas","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"1.1 - 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