{"elementGlobalId":1364336,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Gopherus flavomarginatus</i>","scientificName":"Gopherus flavomarginatus","scientificNameAuthor":"Legler, 1959","primaryCommonName":"Bolson Tortoise","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1364336","elcode":"ARAAF01060","conceptRefFullCitation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","conceptName":"<i>Gopherus flavomarginatus</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-09-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":1364337,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":1364343,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1364343,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":1364337,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T02:37:34.722904Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1364336/Gopherus_flavomarginatus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-09-23","grankReviewDate":"2025-09-23","grankReasons":"This species has a narrow range in north-central México. The population has been in steady decline since its description in 1959. It is threatened by habitat degradation from livestock grazing, habitat loss from climate change, and habitat fragmentation from roads.","grank":"G1G2","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":1364336,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":2,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >80%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":23,"popSizeDescEn":"1000 - 10,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 1.000 a 10.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 1 000 à 10 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":25,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-70%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 50 al 70%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 70 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The current naturally-occurring range for this species is the Bolsón de Mapimí basin within the Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem in Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango, México (Morafka 1982, Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2021). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from México, range extent is estimated to be 42,394 km² (RARECAT 2025). Morafka (1982) estimated range extent to be 50,000 km².<br/><br/>Fossil evidence indicates this species was once much more widespread, with the range extending northward into the United States in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma (Morafka 1982). A semi-captive colony was maintained at the Appleton-Whittell Research Ranch in southeastern Arizona since the 1970s before being moved to New Mexico in 2006 to begin a captive breeding program with intention to reintroduce this species to New Mexico (Barrus 2023). Releases began at Armendaris Ranch in southwestern New Mexico after a 2023 Safe Harbor Agreement with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Barrus 2023, USFWS 2023). This reintroduced population was not assessed for range extent.","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":86,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"26-500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 26 a 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 26 à 500","bioticsKey":33},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Using GBIF (2025) records, area of occupancy is estimated to be 336 km², or 84 grid cells (RARECAT 2025). Colmenero Robles et al. (2023) estimated this species occupies 600 km², or 150 grid cells.","numberEosComments":"Approximately 28 colonies were identified in México (Colmenero Robles et al. 2023). Applying a 10 km separation distance to GBIF (2025) records, 23 occurrences are estimated (RARECAT 2025).","popSizeComments":"There are an estimated 2,500 wild individuals in México (Colmenero Robles et al. 2023).<br/><br/>There are also approximately 800 individuals in the captive breeding program in New Mexico (Barrus 2023). Of those, 100 individuals will be released by 2028 (USFWS 2023).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The primary threats to this species are habitat loss and habitat degradation. Habitat loss has occurred through the loss of halophytic grassland habitat containing the preferred food plant, tobosa grass (<i>Hilaria mutica</i>) (Becerra López et al. 2017, Colmenero Robles et al. 2023). This habitat is expected to continue declining due to droughts and temperature extremes brought on by climate change (Becerra López et al. 2014, Becerra López et al. 2017, Rioja Paradela et al. 2024). Under the most extreme scenario projected, 82% of habitat could become unsuitable by 2070 (Becerra López et al. 2017). Livestock grazing has reduced habitat suitability by competing for forage, trampling, and soil compression (Morafka 1982, Becerra López et al. 2017, Colmenero Robles et al. 2023). Roads also fragment habitat, and other desert <i>Gopherus</i> tortoises generally avoid roads (Boarman and Sazaki 2006).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species has been in decline since it was first described in 1959 (Morafka 1982). With a generation time of roughly 15-20 years, three generations dates back to roughly 1965-1980 (Morafka 1982, Barrus 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"The range of this species has declined by over 90% since the Pleistocene (Morafka 1982, Truett and Phillips 2009, Colmenero Robles et al. 2023). While little is known about the population prior to its formal description in 1959, it is generally agreed upon that it was already in steep decline (Morafka 1982, Colmenero Robles et al. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":"Long-term monitoring and abundance estimates are needed to quantify population trends.","numberProtEosComments":"The core of the range and abundance is protected within the Mapimí Biosphere Reserve (Ureña Aranda et al. 2015). However, this reserve does not protect the species from all threats (Colmenero Robles et al. 2023).","protectionNeeds":"Protect habitat from livestock grazing. Continue with captive breeding and translocation programs.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species takes 15-20 years to mature, fecundity is relatively low, juvenile survival is low, and the species tends to show strong site fidelity (Morafka 1982, Barrus 2023). The small range extent leaves the species vulnerable to habitat loss, stochastic events, or changes in environmental conditions (Becerra López et al. 2017, Colmenero Robles et al. 2023, Rioja Paradela et al. 2024). The already low genetic diversity also leaves this species vulnerable to inbreeding depression and other detrimental effects (Ureña Aranda et al. 2012).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species is endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert and most of the diet relies on a single plant species (Morafka 1982, Becerra López et al. 2014, Becerra López et al. 2017)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1364336,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":1364336,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Age at maturity is unknown and require further study. Resilience to different food plants needs study.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[],"references":[{"id":1157495,"citation":"Barrus, A. 2023. How a Bolson tortoise named Gertie led her species to a new home in the U.S. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. https://www.fws.gov/story/2023-12/how-gertie-bolson-tortoise-led-her-species-recovery-part-one [Accessed 23 September 2025].","shortCitationAuthor":"Barrus","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"W23BAR02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.867928Z"},{"id":1157498,"citation":"Becerra López, J. L., A. Ramírez Bautista, A., U. Romero Méndez, N. P. Pavón, and G. Sánchez Rojas. 2017. Effect of climate change on halophytic grasslands loss and its impact in the viability of <i>Gopherus flavomarginatus. </i>Nature Conservation 21: 39–55. doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.21.13614","shortCitationAuthor":"Becerra López et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17BEC01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.872931Z"},{"id":1157499,"citation":"Becerra López, J. L., U. Romero Méndez, J. D. Anadón Herrera, and C. García De La Peña. 2014. Modelo de nicho potencial de las madrigueras de <i>Gopherus flavomarginatus</i> en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapimí. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 523-531. doi: 10.7550/rmb.33287","shortCitationAuthor":"Becerra López et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BEC01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.862928Z"},{"id":1157444,"citation":"Boarman, W. I., and M. Sazaki. 2006. A highway's road-effect zone for desert tortoises (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>). Journal of Arid Environments 65(1): 94-101.","shortCitationAuthor":"Boarman and Sazaki","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06BOA02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T01:57:28.460831Z"},{"id":1157497,"citation":"Colmenero Robles, A., I. Rosas Medina, and V. R. Oliva Aguilar. 2023. La Población actual de la tortuga llanera, <i>Gopherus flavomarginatus</i> Legler, 1959 (Reptilia: Testudinidae) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Mapimí, Durango, México. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar 7(6): 514-529.","shortCitationAuthor":"Colmenero Robles et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23COL02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.876927Z"},{"id":1149297,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2025. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. 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Climate change effect on <i>Gopherus flavomarginatus</i> and its accompanying vertebrates. <em>Herpetologica</em> 80(1): 22–29. doi: 10.1655/Herpetologica-D-20-00026.1","shortCitationAuthor":"Rioja Paradela et al.","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"A24RIO01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.863929Z"},{"id":1157501,"citation":"Truett, J., and M. Phillips. 2009. Beyond historic baselines: restoring Bolson tortoises to Pleistocene range. Ecological Restoration 27(2): 144-151.","shortCitationAuthor":"Truett and Phillips","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09TRU01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.860927Z"},{"id":1107320,"citation":"Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) [Rhodin, A. G. J., J. B. Iverson, R. Bour, U. Fritz, A. Georges, H. B. Shaffer, and P. P. van Dijk]. 2021. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (9th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A. G. J., J. B. Iverson , P. P. van Dijk, C. B. Stanford, E. V. Goode, K. A. Buhlmann, and R. A. Mittermeier (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 8:1–472. doi: 10.3854/crm.8.checklist.atlas.v9.2021.","shortCitationAuthor":"TTWG","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"B21TTW01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:44:58.794768Z"},{"id":1157503,"citation":"Ureña Aranda, C. A., and A. Espinosa de los Monteros. 2012. The genetic crisis of the Mexican Bolson tortoise (<i>Gopherus flavomarginatus</i>: Testudinidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 33: 45-53. doi: 10.1163/156853811X621508.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ureña Aranda et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12URE01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.874935Z"},{"id":1157502,"citation":"Ureña Aranda, C.A ., O. Rojas Soto, E. Martínez Meyer, C. Yáñez Arenas, R. Landgrave Ramírez, and A. Espinosa de los Monteros. 2015. Using range-wide abundance modeling to identify key conservation areas for the micro-endemic Bolson tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus). PLoS ONE 10(6): e0131452. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131452","shortCitationAuthor":"Ureña Aranda et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15URE01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.870924Z"},{"id":1155220,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1979. Listing of the Bolson Tortoise as an Endangered Species. Final rule. Federal Register 44(75):23062-23064.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"N79FWS02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-08-02T01:49:25.783035Z"},{"id":1157496,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2023. N.M. Ranch Properties, Inc. (Armendaris Ranch) Bolson Tortoise Safe Harbor Agreement. New Mexico Ecological Services Office, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1-29 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23FWS61NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T07:57:31.869934Z"},{"id":1155221,"citation":"Zylstra, E. 2007. The Bolson Tortoise (<i>Gopherus flavomarginatus</i>): King of the (re-) wild frontier. Sonoran Herpetologist 20(5):50-54.","shortCitationAuthor":"Zylstra","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"A07ZYL01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-08-02T01:49:25.780039Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":207632,"name":"Mexican Giant Tortoise","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":1364336,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":1,"usesaDescEn":"Endangered","usesaDescEs":"Catalogado como en peligro de extinción","usesaDescFr":"En voie de disparition","usesaCode":"E"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":8,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Turtles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1110},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Chelonia","taxorder":"Testudines","family":"Testudinidae","genus":"Gopherus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":"1979-05-17","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1364336,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":null,"generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. 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