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The population continues to face threats due to human activities, especially development and agriculture. Thanks to active conservation efforts, the population has stabilized and is increasing in some parts of the range.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":1353292,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":19,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 80","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found throughout much of the United States and Canada from Yukon, Canada southeast to Ontario, south to western North Carolina in the eastern U.S., and west to the Pacific Coast including along the U.S.-Mexico border (Kohl et al. 2023). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2005-2025, range extent is estimated to be 8.737 million km² (RARECAT 2025). <br/><br/>Historically, the range also included northern México (Kohl et al. 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"This species once occupied virtually the entire range extent with the exceptions of desert regions and the Sierra Nevada range (Kohl et al. 2023). The distribution is now extremely limited in small disjunct pockets throughout the central and eastern parts of the range in both Canada and the U.S., while much of the western distribution remains occupied (Kohl et al. 2023).","numberEosComments":"There are many occurrences throughout the range.","popSizeComments":"The population was estimated to be 1.18-1.22 million individuals in 2021 (Kohl et al. 2023).","viabilityComments":"Much of the western portion of the range has good viability. Central and eastern populations have low viability, especially without direct conservation action (Kohl et al. 2023).","threatImpactComments":"This species is primarily threatened by habitat loss and habitat degradation due to human activities. Habitat loss is occurring due to development and conversion to agriculture (Kohl et al. 2023). Habitat becomes less suitable due to roads and human presence, often causing elk to avoid otherwise suitable habitat (Kohl et al. 2023, Mumme et al. 2023, Poole et al. 2024, Procko et al. 2024). There are over 10 diseases impacting this species, including some virile enough to slow population growth (Kohl et al. 2023). Approximately 100,000 elk are killed by hunters annually (enviroliteracy.org).","shortTermTrendComments":"Thanks to active conservation efforts, the population is stable and and even increasing in some parts of the historical range where re-introductions are taking place (Kohl et al. 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"This species suffered steep declines in abundance, range extent, and area of occupancy through the 20th century. Two subspecies (<i>C. c. canadensis</i> and <i>C. c. merriami</i>) were driven to extinction (Kohl et al. 2023). The population was once as low as approximately 60,000 individuals (Kohl et al. 2023). Range extent has declined slightly while area of occupancy has declined by over 50% (Kohl et al. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":"Robust population estimates are needed to monitor population trends. 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Some individuals in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, migrate up to 97 kilometers annually (Adams 1982).","foodHabitsComments":"Much geographic and seasonal variation in diet. Primarily a grazer, but also consumes forbs (in summer, or in fall and winter in northern Great Plains region) and may browse on willow, aspen, oak, etc., where grasses are unavailable. Also commonly feeds on mushrooms, especially in late summer and fall (Great Basin Nat. 52:321).","animalPhenologyComments":"Active at night, but most active at dusk and dawn. Diurnal feeding is more common in summer than in winter. Feeding periods are more prolonged in winter, concentrated in morning and evening. 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The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 438 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banfield","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.631914Z"},{"id":118640,"citation":"Boyce, M.S. and L.D. Hayden-Wing, eds. 1979. North American Elk: Ecology, Behavior, and Management. Univ. Wyoming, Laramie, v+294 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Boyce and Hayden-Wing","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BOY01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:15.949136Z"},{"id":118641,"citation":"Boyce, M.S. and L.D. Hayden-Wing (eds.). 1980. North American Elk: ecology, behavior, and management. 294 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Boyce and Hayden-Wing","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80BOY01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:15.949136Z"},{"id":102597,"citation":"Caire, W., J. D. Tyler, B. P. Glass, and M. A. Mares. 1989. Mammals of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. 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