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The adelgid, found in 19 states and 2 provinces, has caused mortality in Canadian and Carolina hemlocks throughout the Appalachian region, especially in the south, but also as far north as southern Maine, Michigan, Nova Scotia, and Ontario (Ellison et al. 2018, Cohn 1993). The most serious declines are found in the southern Appalachian Mountains, areas of the mid-Atlantic region, and southern New England (Ellison et al. 2018). The adelgid is a chronic problem, as it can infect all ages of trees. Trees that are attacked can die in several years, but most die slowly over a decade. Mortality is variable, from 0 to 99% (Ellison et al. 2018, Souto and Shields 1999). A related threat is \"preemptive logging\" which may be occurring well outside the insect's present range (Foster 1999). In Canada, the spread of the adelgid is being carefully monitored; when it is found, eradication is attempted (Fidgen et al. 2015). Nova Scotia is experiencing declines due to the adelgid (Emilson and Stastny 2019). The habitat shift after infestation to deciduous hardwoods, as well as pre-emptive logging to prevent spread of the adelgid, which also causes a habitat shift, contribute to an environment that is not conducive to the regeneration of the species.<br/><br/>In addition to the adelgid, the non-native Elongate Hemlock Scale is also stressing the species (Miller-Pierce et al. 2019). The introduced Spongy Moth (<i>Lymantria dispar</i>) also attack hemlocks, and a recent study has shown that Spongy Moths feed preferentially on branches and leaves infected with adelgid (Kinahan et al. 2019).","shortTermTrendComments":"Being killed by an exotic insect pest (hemlock wooly adelgid) in large portions of its range, particularly in the mid-Atlantic area and central Appalachians. In 2002, the adelgid is documented to be established in about half of eastern hemlock's range. 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