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M., A. W. Ferguson, R. C. Dowler, M. E. Gompper, and J. E. Maldonado. 2022 [2021]. Phylogenomic systematics of the spotted skunks (Carnivora, Mephitidae, <i>Spilogale</i>): additional species diversity and Pleistocene climate change as a major driver of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 167:107266.","conceptName":"<i>Spilogale putorius</i>","taxonomicComments":"Following McDonough et al. (2022), the eastern spotted skunk <i>S. putorius</i> is split into two distinct species, the plains spotted skunk, <i>S. interrupta </i>and the Alleghanian spotted skunk, <i>S. putorius</i>, encompassing the range of two currently recognized subspecies <i>S. p. putorius</i> and <i>S. p. ambarvalis</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-10-09","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. 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There were precipitous historical declines starting in the 1940s due to habitat loss and overhunting. The population continues to be threatened by habitat loss due to agriculture and development, road mortality, persecution by humans, hunting, pesticide and herbicide use, mortality from domestic dogs, and parasites.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":1293683,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":6,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Not intrinsically vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"No intrínsecamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Non intrinsèquement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":32,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":9,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio - bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen — faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in the eastern United States east of the Mississippi River (Perry et al. 2021). The range extends from the Florida peninsula northward to at least Pennsylvania, the eastern limit bounded by the Piedmont region (Perry et al. 2021). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2024) records from 2000-2024, range extent is estimated to be 935,017 km².","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":90,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"126-500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 126 a 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 126 à 500","bioticsKey":37},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Using GBIF (2024) records from 2000-2024, area of occupancy is estimated to be 924 km², or 226 grid cells.","numberEosComments":"Applying a 10 km separation distance to GBIF (2024) records from 2000-2024, there are 136 occurrences estimated.","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":"Most occurrences on conservation land likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Habitat destruction in the form of agriculture and urban/suburban development are considered major causes of this species' historical declines (Gompper and Hackett 2005, Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020, Sasse 2021). Habitat succession also reduces available suitable habitat (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020). Prescribed fires returning natural conditions (low herbaceous groundcover instead of dense woody groundcover) to pine forests in the Southeast may be reducing habitat suitability for this species in those areas (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020). Vehicle strikes along roadways are a significant source of mortality (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020). Hunting remains a threat where hunting for this species is permitted in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020). Persecution by humans, mortality from domestic dogs, and parasites remain threats of unknown severity (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020, Perry et al. 2021, Sasse 2021). Pesticides and herbicides have indirectly negatively impacted this species by reducing food items (Sasse 2021).","shortTermTrendComments":"Declines appear to be continuing (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020, Perry et al. 2021, Sasse 2021).","longTermTrendComments":"Based on harvest records from hunters, a precipitous decline in harvest occurred during the 1940s (when tens of thousands of individuals were harvested annually in each state) and continued at a slower rate through the 1970s when harvest records showed less than 1% of the totals from ca. 1940 (Gompper and Hackett 2005, Sasse 2021). Historical range extent has declined (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020, Perry et al. 2021). Since 2000, it has not been found in Maryland or northern Florida, and records from northern Georgia are increasingly rare (Perry et al. 2021).","inventoryNeeds":"Robust population estimates and regular monitoring are needed to track population changes.","numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are protected on conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":"Educate and incentivize private landowners to maintain patches of suitable habitat in agricultural landscapes.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species matures within one year, has high fecundity, and has good dispersal ability (Perry et al. 2021, Sasse 2021).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species occupies a variety of habitats and elevations (Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group 2020, Perry et al. 2021, Sasse 2021)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1293683,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Opportunistic omnivore; eats small mammals, grubs and other insects, corn, grapes, berries, etc.","animalPhenologyComments":"Mostly nocturnal. Mostly inactive in winter (Caire et al. 1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":56,"width":null,"weight":999,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103922,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103923,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":112471,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":112472,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":112473,"foodHabits":{"id":6,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Frugivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Frugívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Frugivore","displayOrder":6},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1198,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Skunks","subtypes":"Winter Den","inferredExtentDistance":2.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a home range of 500 hectares (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Large rivers and long lakes, arbitrarily set at greater than 200 meters across.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Home range size of skunks can be quite large: <i>Spilogale putorius</i>, 518-1036 hectares in Iowa (Crabb 1948); <i>Mephitis mephitis</i>, 34-753 ha in Illinois (Storm 1972). Skunks may move from one area to another, depending on available food resources, and they commonly traverse all kinds of habitats. Thus a large separation distance is appropriate (roughly three times the diameter of a large home range), and the separation distance is the same for both suitable and unsuitable habitat.","versionDate":"2004-03-24","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-02-03T23:33:35.445744Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":1293683,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. 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No. 41. 294 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Davis","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78DAV01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:04.336Z"},{"id":1145107,"citation":"Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group. 2020. Eastern Spotted Skunk Conservation Plan. easternspottedskunk.weebly.com. Accessed [9 October 2024].","shortCitationAuthor":"Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"U20EAS01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T03:48:20.147492Z"},{"id":1137646,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).","shortCitationAuthor":"GBIF","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24GBI01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-01-05T23:15:07.149253Z"},{"id":761729,"citation":"Gompper, M., and H. M. Hackett. 2005. The long-term, range-wide decline of a once common carnivore: the eastern spotted skunk (<i>Spilogale putorius</i>). Animal Conservation 8(2): 195-201. doi:10.1017/S1367943005001964","shortCitationAuthor":"Gompper and Hackett","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"A05GOM01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T01:02:18.950675Z"},{"id":119546,"citation":"Hall, E. R. 1981a. The Mammals of North America, second edition. Vols. I &amp; II. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, New York. 1181 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hall","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81HAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:13.267235Z"},{"id":125104,"citation":"Hamilton, W. J., Jr., and J. O. Whitaker, Jr. 1979. Mammals of the eastern United States. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hamilton and Whitaker","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.881928Z"},{"id":111066,"citation":"Howard, W. E., and R. E. Marsh. 1982. Spotted and hog-nosed skunks. Pages 664-673 in J. A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and economics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. xiii + 1147 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Howard and Marsh","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"A82HOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:07.309295Z"},{"id":114584,"citation":"Howell, A. H. 1906. Revision of the skunks of the genus <i>Spilogale</i>. North American Fauna 26:1-55.","shortCitationAuthor":"Howell","shortCitationYear":1906,"referenceCode":"B06HOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T22:00:30.880023Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. 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Phylogenomic systematics of the spotted skunks (Carnivora, Mephitidae, <i>Spilogale</i>): additional species diversity and Pleistocene climate change as a major driver of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 167:107266.","shortCitationAuthor":"McDonough et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22MCD01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-02-03T01:14:47.86725Z"},{"id":131528,"citation":"Mead, R. A. 1968. Reproduction in western forms of the spotted skunk (genus <i>Spilogale</i>). Journal of Mammalogy 49: 373-390.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mead","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68MEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T00:56:22.599692Z"},{"id":1145105,"citation":"Perry, R. W., D. B. Sasse, J. C. Perkins, and N. W. Sharp. 2021. Distribution and relative abundance of eastern spotted skunk records across their range. 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