{"elementGlobalId":128167,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":17,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":4,"iucnDescEn":"Endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","iucnDescFr":"En voie de disparition","iucnCode":"EN"},"nameCategory":{"id":4,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vascular Plant","nameCategoryDescEs":"Planta vascular","nameCategoryDescFr":"Plante vasculaire","nameTypeCd":"P","nameTypeDesc":"Botanical"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Abies fraseri</i>","scientificName":"Abies fraseri","scientificNameAuthor":"(Pursh) Poir.","primaryCommonName":"Fraser Fir","relatedItisNames":"<i>Abies fraseri</i> (Pursh) Poir. (TSN 181829)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.128167","elcode":"PGPIN01050","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.","conceptName":"<i>Abies fraseri</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2018-01-10","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"C. Ludwig &amp; K. Maybury; rev. D. Gries; rev. C. Nordman (2009), rev. Treher (2018)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":223823,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":425970,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":425970,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":518796,"subnation":{"id":58,"nameEn":"West Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":518796,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":556264,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":556264,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":507629,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":507629,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":270016,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":270016,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":2018,"nrank":"N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":223823,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T03:26:15.851231Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-03T02:45:59.472058Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.128167/Abies_fraseri","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1992-07-22","grankReviewDate":"2018-01-10","grankReasons":"A glacial relict and southern Appalachian endemic occurring above 1,200 m from southern Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. Historically a local a canopy dominant in its best-developed sites. Following moderate losses due to logging and land-clearing in the late 1800's and early 1900's, the species has more recently experienced declines due to an introduced insect pest (the Balsam Woolly Adelgid), for which there is currently no effective mitigation. Adelgid impacts are somewhat exacerbated by other threats such as pollution and trampling.","grank":"G2","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":128167,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":11,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 70-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 70 al 90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 70 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":7,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very few (1-3)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muy pocos (de 1 a 3)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Très peu (de 1 à 3)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":27,"popSizeDescEn":"2500 - 10,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 2.500 a 10.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 2 500 à 10 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":5,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"<i>Abies fraseri</i> is a southern Appalachian endemic, occurring above 1,200 m from southern Virginia to western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. The species is also planted for forestry and the Christmas tree trade. It is reported to be persisting in Georgia (although not native there) and cultivated but not persisting in West Virginia.","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":85,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"26-125","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 26 a 125","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 26 à 125","bioticsKey":32},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Area of Occupancy was estimated using NatureServe Network element occurrences, herbarium records (GBIF 2018; SEINET 2018), and photo based observations (iNaturalist 2018).","numberEosComments":"Fraser Fir is a glacial relict species that occurs on 7-10 mountain crests in the southern Appalachians. Mapped broadly, these might be considered 7-10 occurrences. Mapped more finely, there is 1 occurrence in Virginia, 10 extant and 10 historical occurrences in Tennessee (many of which connect with North Carolina occurrences), and approximately 25-30 occurrences of pure fir stands or fir stands mixed with spruce and sometimes hardwoods (depending on elevation) in North Carolina. North Carolina figures are approximate as this species is mapped only as a component of natural community occurrences at present.","popSizeComments":"Fraser Fir is a canopy dominant in its best-developed sites. Despite severe declines, the number of individuals is still very large, although breeding individuals are considerably fewer (M. Schafale, pers. comm., 2009).","viabilityComments":"The population at Mt. Rogers, Virginia is the only one which has remained largely unaffected by the Balsam Woolly Adelgid. There is a second occurrences in Tennessee that has adelgid but it extends over 29 miles of ridgeline.","threatImpactComments":"<i>Abies fraseri</i> is threatened across its limited range by the insect parasite, Balsam Woolly Adelgid, which has caused substantial direct and indirect effects (Ammon 1970, Eager 1984, White 1984, Witter 1988, Witter &amp; Ragenovich 1986, Zedaker et al 1988). Adelgid infestation causes selective mortality of adult fir trees. Heavy mortality of the fir canopy trees has caused changes in understory vegetation (Boner 1979, Busing &amp; Clebsch 1988, Busing et al 1988, DeSelm &amp; Boner 1984, Nicholas 1992, Nicholas &amp; White 1985, Nicholas, Eager &amp; Peine 1999, Pauley &amp; Clebsch 1990, Smith 1997, Smith &amp; Nicholas 1998) by increasing competition from the invading shrub and herb species. Further, infestation reduces the seed viability of the few surviving old-growth fir trees (Fedde 1973, Nicholas et al 1992) and increases their susceptibility to fungal infection. Infestation can also prevent saplings from attaining reproductive age. The decimation of fir populations threatens the genetic viability of the species. Harvest of saplings and collection of what viable seed that may be produced may decrease the remaining genetic variability even further. The direct stress of adelgid populations on mature Fraser Fir trees is compounded by stresses imposed by the increasing recreational use of its montane habitat. Recreation activity can cause a decrease in plant cover, leading to soil erosion, and potentially, an increase in tree loss due to windfall. It may also open a window for invasion by exotic plants. Erosion due to heavy hiking traffic and grazing can expose root systems of trees which perhaps leaves them more susceptible to disease infection. Major openings in the forest canopy (from logging or fire, etc.) are a serious hazard due to the exposure of the soil to erosion; regeneration is slow to occur following such a disturbance. Also at some risk of habitat loss and fragmentation, with a small portion of this species' habitat having been lost on private land through development. Threatened by pollution, as acid deposition seems to have impacted regeneration (Southern Appalachian Species Viability Project 2002).","shortTermTrendComments":"<i>Abies fraseri</i> declined following habitat alteration by logging and associated land-clearing activities in the late 1800's and early 1900's; burned areas were slow to or failed to regenerate evergreen forest. Significant areas in lower elevations were affected. Catastrophic losses occurred after initial infestations of Balsam Wooly Adelgid where nearly all mature fir have died. Fir regeneration is compromised by continued infestation, by understory competition that decreases fir seedling establishment, by very low germination rates in seed crops that occur only every 2-4 years, and by low dispersal distance. Future survival of Fraser Fir as a species depends on the reproductive ability of the emerging second generation fir: failure to replenish the seedling pool in the understory threatens the stability of future fir populations.","longTermTrendComments":"A long term decline of &gt;70% is estimated and attributed to logging and the conversion of habitat.","inventoryNeeds":"Few inventory needs remain: location and extent of fir stands are largely known and are being mapped.","numberProtEosComments":"Nearly all native stands are on National Park Service, State Park or USDA Forest Service land.","protectionNeeds":"Care should be taken regarding seed and sapling collection from wild populations of Fraser fir until genetic variation can be assessed and utilized to restore populations. However, some groups feel that planting trees in areas outside the native range where they can be managed, and the harmful insects controlled, is an important component of preserving the gene pool and enuring a sustainable supply of seed. For example, the Mount Rogers Christmas Tree Growers Association maintains a Fraser fir seed orchard of approximately 1200 selected trees in the higher elevations of Grayson Highlands State Park (Grayson County. Virginia). All of the seed orchard trees are of the Mount Rogers strain of Fraser fir (Mount Rogers Area Christmas Tree Growers Association 2007).","otherConsiderations":"Fraser Fir is a keystone species in the southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem which supports many endemic plant and animal species in addition to Fraser Fir itself. Alteration of this higher elevation ecosystem can impact lower elevation systems, i.e. reduce water quality downstream.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":null,"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":100228,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Use the Habitat-based Plant Element Occurrence Delimitation Guidance, 1 October 2004, to develop occurrences.<br>For a complete description of this approach, see the Habitat-Based Strategy for Delimiting Plant Element Occurrences: Guidance from the 2004 Working Group.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-10-01","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:54:58.320771Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":128167,"genusEconomicValue":false,"economicComments":"Grown as an ornamental for landscaping and for Christmas trees (Sullivan 1993).","plantProductionMethods":[],"plantDurations":[{"plantCagDurationId":100040,"duration":{"id":3,"durationDescEn":"PERENNIAL","durationDescEs":"PERENNE","durationDescFr":"VIVACE","displayOrder":3}},{"plantCagDurationId":100041,"duration":{"id":5,"durationDescEn":"Long-lived","durationDescEs":"Larga vida útil","durationDescFr":"Longue durée de vie","displayOrder":5}},{"plantCagDurationId":100042,"duration":{"id":7,"durationDescEn":"EVERGREEN","durationDescEs":"CONIFERA","durationDescFr":"À FEUILLAGE PERSISTANT","displayOrder":7}}],"plantEconomicUses":[{"plantCagEconomicUseId":101356,"economicUse":{"id":36,"economicUseDescEn":"LANDSCAPING","economicUseDescEs":"PAISAJISMO","economicUseDescFr":"AMÉNAGEMENT PAYSAGER","displayOrder":37}},{"plantCagEconomicUseId":101357,"economicUse":{"id":37,"economicUseDescEn":"Cultivated ornamental","economicUseDescEs":"Cultivo ornamental","economicUseDescFr":"Ornemental cultivé","displayOrder":38}}],"plantCommercialImportances":[]},"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":128167,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Continue to monitor known populations for status of threats, site condition, and abundance of plants. Continue to research potential adelgid control measure and seek out resistance in the species. Minimize grazing and trampling of habitat to prevent soil erosion. Develop and implement a comprehensive ecosystem management plan. Record and monitor the impact of management actions.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Continue to evaluate effective control measures for adelgid. Evaluate the remaining genetic diversity of the species across its range (especially with regard to resistance factors exhibited by fir stands on Mt. Rogers (southwest Virginia)). Assess the reproductive ability of second-generation fir stands and determine minimum reproduction required to maintain survival of individual stands. Assess the effects of diseases introduced by root and trunk injury on individual trees and overall canopy health.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":100005,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":null,"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T03:28:00.487147Z"}],"references":[{"id":149354,"citation":"Amman, G.D. 1970. Phenomena of <i>Adelges piceae</i> populations (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) in North Carolina. Annals of the Ent. 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