{"elementGlobalId":120522,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":2,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Invertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal invertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal invertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Latrodectus bishopi</i>","scientificName":"Latrodectus bishopi","scientificNameAuthor":"Kaston, 1938","primaryCommonName":"Red Widow Spider","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120522","elcode":"ILARA07010","conceptRefFullCitation":"McCrone, J., and H. Levi. 1964. North American widow spiders of the <i>Latrodectus curacaviensis</i> group (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 71: 12-27. 10.1155/1964/86469.","conceptName":"<i>Latrodectus bishopi</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2022-12-16","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Almquist, D. T. (2011); rev. R. L. Gundy (2022)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":183222,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":399154,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":399154,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2022,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":183222,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:23:37.507274Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120522/Latrodectus_bishopi","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2022-12-16","grankReviewDate":"2022-12-16","grankReasons":"This is a relatively widespread species that has undergone a long-term decline, as most of its scrub habitat was lost due to development and conversion to agriculture during the 20th century. The threat of further habitat loss from these threats is considered to have a low impact on the species because relatively little scrub habitat remains unprotected. Out of 35 occurrences, 32 are protected on conservation lands. The decline of habitat quality from long-term fire exclusion poses a medium threat with local declines and even extirpations possible. The population appears to be stable with no evidence of recent declines.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":120522,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":7,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Unknown","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Desconocido","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"longTermTrend":{"id":2,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >80%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":16,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Quelques-uns (de 13 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":13,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many (13-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Varias ocurrencias (13 a 40) adecuadamente protegidas y controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"Plusieurs occurrences (de 13 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":9,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio - bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen — faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is endemic to peninsular Florida. There are four main disjunct ranges in the state: the Ocala National Forest in Marion County (Sierwald and Fenzl 1999), near Cedar Key in Levy County (FNAI 2022, iNaturalist 2022), the Lake Wales Ridge in Highlands and Polk counties (Carrel 2001), and the Atlantic Coastal Ridge in Martin and Palm Beach counties (BugGuide 2022, FNAI 2022, iNaturalist 2022). Using existing records from the Florida Natural Areas Inventory database, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and iNaturalist, range extent was estimated by GeoCat to be approximately 40,426 km² (FNAI 2022, GBIF 2022, GeoCat 2022, iNaturalist 2022). Select records from GBIF were excluded from this calculation because of apparent errors in mapping or species identification. Range extent expanded by approximately 15,000 km² after a new population was documented in 2015 near Cedar Key, Levy County (FNAI 2022, iNaturalist 2022). Schraft et al. (2021) suggested this species has been extirpated from south Florida, however observations on BugGuide show this species is extant in Martin and Palm Beach counties as recently as 2022 and 2018, respectively (BugGuide 2022).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":85,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"26-125","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 26 a 125","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 26 à 125","bioticsKey":32},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"There are numerous sites throughout Ocala National Forest and the Lake Wales Ridge in the central peninsular scrubs, one site in Levy County, and at least one site each in Martin and Palm Beach counties (BugGuide, 2022, FNAI 2022, iNaturalist 2022). Using records from the Florida Natural Areas Inventory database, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Bug Guide, and iNaturalist, area of occupancy was estimated by GeoCat to be approximately 252 km², or 62 grid cells (BugGuide 2022, FNAI 2022, GBIF 2022, GeoCat 2022, iNaturalist 2022).","numberEosComments":"There are 35 occurrences in the Florida Natural Areas Inventory database as of December 2022 (FNAI 2022).","popSizeComments":"Red widows at Archbold Biological Station have been shown to have dramatic fluctuations in population density (Carrel 2001). Population size estimates based on short-term data may not accurately reflect the status of the species.","viabilityComments":"Out of 35 occurrences in the Florida Natural Areas Inventory database, 16 are ranked as having excellent or good viability (FNAI 2022).","threatImpactComments":"While extensive habitat loss has occurred in the past, the threat of further development of remaining habitat is relatively low (Enge et al. 2018, Turner et al. 2006). There are fragments of undeveloped scrub habitat for sale in Martin County, but it is not known if red widows are occupying any of these small patches (Enge et al. 2018, Robert Gundy pers. obs. 2021). As of 2004, there were 91.3 km² of unprotected scrub habitat remaining along the Lake Wales Ridge, but it is unknown how many are occupied by red widows (Turner et al. 2006). Due to its extensive boundaries, it is assumed that any development in or around Ocala National Forest would likely have negligible effects on the species overall. There are over 500 acres of unprotected scrub habitat contiguous with the Cedar Key site, but it is unknown whether this species is present on those unprotected lands or their risk of development (FNAI 2010b). This species has been found in scrub of varying structures, compositions, and time since fire, suggesting that it is relatively adaptable to a variety of conditions (Carrel 2001, FNAI 2022, Sierwald and Fenzl 1999). Because this species prefers scrub habitat burned 1-10 years earlier, fire exclusion could be causing local extirpations throughout its range as habitat quality degrades (Carrel 2019). <i>Argiope</i> spiders occupying the same habitat as red widows at Archbold Biological Station have shown temporary decreases in population density and local extirpations when habitat was burned during July versus during February (Carrel 2008). Carrel (2001) suggested sphecid wasps and Florida Scrub-Jays (<i>Aphelocoma coerulescens</i>) as predators affecting population density, but more data is needed to assess the severity of this threat.","shortTermTrendComments":"Schraft et al. (2021) suggested this species has been extirpated from south Florida, however observations from BugGuide show this species is extant in at least one Martin County site and one Palm Beach County site as recently as 2022 and 2018, respectively (BugGuide 2022). The discovery of a population near Cedar Key, Levy County, while not presumed to be newly colonized, extended range extent by approximately 15,000 km² (FNAI 2022, GeoCat 2022). Fire exclusion from scrub habitats could be causing local declines and extirpations (Carrel 2019).","longTermTrendComments":"Scrub habitat has declined dramatically statewide (FNAI 2010a). Along the Lake Wales Ridge, an estimated 85% of scrub habitat has been lost (Turner et al. 2006). Populations at Archbold Biological Station declined from 31 spiders/ha in 1989 to 0.3 spiders/ha in 1997 before starting to recover (Carrel 2001). It is not understood whether this represented an anomalous decline or a natural fluctuation in population density.","inventoryNeeds":"Surveys are particularly needed at scrub sites in Levy, Martin, and Palm Beach counties. Surveying during dusk on foggy mornings, when dew makes webs more visible, is shown to have the greatest results (Carrel 2001).","numberProtEosComments":"Out of 35 occurrences in the Florida Natural Areas Inventory database, 32 are on protected managed areas (FNAI 2022).","protectionNeeds":"Acquire remaining scrub habitat, especially near Cedar Key and along the Atlantic Coastal Ridge. Applying prescribed fire in a patchy framework will maintain scrub habitat while also minimizing risk of large-scale mortalities. Burning scrub habitat at least every 10 years may be optimal for this species (Carrel 2019). Applying prescribed fire in July, as compared to February, was shown to cause greater short-term declines and local extirpations of other spiders in the same habitat (Carrel 2008). However, winter burns may not be optimal for management of saw palmettos and scrub habitat (FNAI 2010a).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Restricted to scrub and scrubby flatwoods, almost always making its web in the ubiquitous saw palmetto (<i>Serenoa repens</i>) or scrub palmetto (<i>Sabal etonia</i>) (Carrel 2001, Kaston 1938, McCrone and Levi 1964, Sierwald and Fenzl 1999)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":120522,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":120522,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Prescribed fire is the primary management tool for scrub habitat, but intervals may vary greatly (i.e. 3-30 years) depending upon the variant/subtype and its current condition (FNAI 2010). Oak scrub should be burned every 6-19 years while rosemary scrub should be burned every 20-59 years (Abrahamson et al. 2021). Carrel (2019) suggested that <i>L. bishopi</i> prefers scrub habitat burned within the last 10 years to maintain openings between saw palmetto (<i>Serenoa repens</i>) and other shrubs. Other spiders (<i>Argiope</i> spp.) occupying the same habitat as red widows at Archbold Biological Station have shown temporary decreases in population density and local extirpations when habitat was burned during July versus during February (Carrel 2008). However, burning during the growing season is better for maintaining ideal scrub habitat conditions (Abrahamson 2010, FNAI 2010, Menges and Gordon 2010). Widespread soil disturbance should be avoided to prevent the establishment of weedy species and protect native ground cover (FNAI 2010). Roller chopping and other mechanical treatments should only be used as a method of safely reintroducing fire, not as a replacement of fire or as a means of long-term habitat management (Menges and Gordon 2010). Invasive plants should be controlled by species-specific methods. See the \"Florida Natural Areas Inventory Guide to the Natural Communities of Florida: 2010 Edition\" for more habitat management recommendations, especially for scrub habitat variants.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Research is needed on the response to habitat management practices including fire and mechanical plant removal. Documentation of any threats is also needed. Information on dispersal abilities needed.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":121494,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T03:09:23.767179Z"}],"references":[{"id":1120962,"citation":"Abrahamson, W. G., C. R. Abrahamson, and M. A. Keller. 2021. Lessons from four decades of monitoring vegetation and fire: maintaining diversity and resilience in Florida’s uplands. Ecological Monographs 91(2), e0144. 20 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abrahamson et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21ABR01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.319755Z"},{"id":643837,"citation":"Breene, R.G., D.A. Dean, G.B. Edwards, B. Hebert, H.W. Levi, G. Manning, K. McWest, and L. Sorkin. 2003. Common names of Arachnids 2003. 5th edition. The American Arachnological Society Committee on Common Names of Arachnids. American Tarantula Society.","shortCitationAuthor":"Breene et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03BRE01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:51.677457Z"},{"id":1120959,"citation":"BugGuide. 2022. BugGuide: <i>Latrodectus bishopi</i> Accessed 16 December 2022. Online: https://bugguide.net/node/view/26290.","shortCitationAuthor":"BugGuide","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"W22BUG01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.319755Z"},{"id":1120958,"citation":"Carrel, J. 2019. Spiders at Archbold: what has been learned in past 70 years. The Scrub Blog. https://archboldedublog.org/2019/12/18/spiders-at-archbold-what-has-been-learned-in-past-70-years/ (accessed 16 December 2022).","shortCitationAuthor":"Carrel","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"U19CAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.319755Z"},{"id":1120948,"citation":"Carrel, J. A. 2001. Population dynamics of the red widow spider (Araneae: Theridiidae). Florida Entomologist 84(3): 385-390.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carrel","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01CAR01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.30413Z"},{"id":1120949,"citation":"Carrel, J. E. 2008. The effect of season of fire on density of female garden orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae: <i>Argiope</i>) in Florida scrub. Florida Entomologist 91(2): 332-334.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carrel","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"A08CAR04HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.30413Z"},{"id":1120950,"citation":"Enge, K. M., B. Tornwell and B. Bankovich. 2018. Florida Scrub Lizard Status Survey Final Report. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL. *Includes raw data sent by author","shortCitationAuthor":"Enge et al.","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"U18ENG01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.30413Z"},{"id":1120952,"citation":"Florida Natural Areas Inventory. 2010. Cooperative Land Cover Map","shortCitationAuthor":"FNAI","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"M10FNA01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.30413Z"},{"id":761114,"citation":"Florida Natural Areas Inventory. 2010. Guide to Natural Communities in Florida, Alluvial Forest. Accessed onlin on Dec. 15, 2015 at: http://fnai.org/PDF/NC/Alluvial_Forest_Final_2010.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"FNAI","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"U10FNA01HQUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T23:24:29.893408Z"},{"id":1110736,"citation":"Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI). 2022. Natural Heritage Database. Florida Natural Areas Inventory. Tallahassee, FL.","shortCitationAuthor":"FNAI","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"N22FNA01HQUS","lastModified":"2022-12-02T23:21:20.319642Z"},{"id":118406,"citation":"Franz, R. (Ed.) 1982. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida: Volume Six: Invertebrates. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 131 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Franz (Ed.)","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82FRA01EHUS","lastModified":"2023-03-03T23:32:07.697152Z"},{"id":1109161,"citation":"Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT). Online. Available: <a href=\"http://geocat.kew.org/\">http://geocat.kew.org/</a> (Accessed 2022)","shortCitationAuthor":"GeoCat","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"W22GEO01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-03-05T04:42:57.190551Z"},{"id":1109360,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2022. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2022).","shortCitationAuthor":"GBIF","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"W22GBI01HQUS","lastModified":"2022-02-05T08:32:58.110453Z"},{"id":1115415,"citation":"iNaturalist. 2022. Online. Available: https://www.inaturalist.org. Accessed 28 February 2022.","shortCitationAuthor":"iNaturalist","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"W22INA01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-11T17:06:25.929013Z"},{"id":1120953,"citation":"Kaston, B. J. 1938. Notes on a new variety of black widow spider from southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 21: 60-61.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kaston","shortCitationYear":1938,"referenceCode":"A38KAS01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.30413Z"},{"id":149669,"citation":"Kaston, B.J. 1972. How to know the spiders, third edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. 272 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kaston","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72KAS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:35:00.512253Z"},{"id":1120954,"citation":"McCrone, J., and H. Levi. 1964. North American widow spiders of the <i>Latrodectus curacaviensis</i> group (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 71: 12-27. 10.1155/1964/86469.","shortCitationAuthor":"McCrone and Levi","shortCitationYear":1964,"referenceCode":"A64MCC01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.30413Z"},{"id":753655,"citation":"Menges, E. S., and D. R. Gordon. 2010. Should mechanical treatments and herbicides be used as fire surrogates to manage Florida's uplands? A review. Florida Scientist 73(2):147-174.","shortCitationAuthor":"Menges and Gordon","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10MEN01ICEC","lastModified":"2020-02-25T15:27:20.451975Z"},{"id":1120955,"citation":"Schraft, H., M. de Jaham, L. Toupin, and P. Montiglio. 2021. North American widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae). Arachnology 18(7) : 783-802.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schraft et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21SCH03HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.30413Z"},{"id":1120956,"citation":"Sierwald, P., and T. Fenzl. 1999. <i>Argyrodes</i> in webs of the Floridian red widow spider (Araneae: Theridiidae). Florida Entomologist 82(2): 359-361.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sierwald and Fenzl","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99SIE01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:45:22.319755Z"},{"id":761997,"citation":"Turner, W. , D. Wilcove, and H. Swain. 2006. State of the scrub: conservation progress, management responsibilities, and land acquisition priorities for imperiled species of Florida's Lake Wales Ridge.","shortCitationAuthor":"Turner et al.","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"B06TUR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:07:50.291729Z"},{"id":1124063,"citation":"World Spider Catalog (WSC). 2023. World Spider Catalog. Versions 24.0. Natural History Museum Bern, online at https://wsc.nmbe.ch/","shortCitationAuthor":"World Spider Catalog (WSC)","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"W23WSC01NACA","lastModified":"2023-03-04T02:38:12.291929Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":144858,"name":"red widow spider","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":120522,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":{"id":1,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single state or province","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de un estado o provincia","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à un État ou à une province"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":76,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Other Invertebrates - Terrestrial/Freshwater","level3":"Spiders and other Chelicerates","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":73,"distributionStatus":"not","displayOrder":4240},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","taxclass":"Arachnida","taxorder":"Araneae","family":"Theridiidae","genus":"Latrodectus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":false,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Invertebrates","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":120522,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Restricted to sand pine scrub; almost always makes its web in scrub palmettoes (<i>Sabal etonia</i> and <i>Serenoa repens</i>). The web is made by rolling a palmetto frond into a cone and tying it with silk.","generalDescription":"A reddish-orange spider with black abdomen that is frequently marked with red spots dorsally (sometimes each spot is encircled with yellow). One or 2 red spots occur on the abdominal venter but never a complete hourglass as in some other species.","diagnosticCharacteristics":"The unique color pattern makes this species instantly recognizable. Except for infrequent occurrences of the Southern Black Widow (<i>L. mactans</i>), which makes its web on the ground, this is the only <i>Latrodectus</i> that occurs in sand pine scrub habitats.","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-114070,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1124063,"citation":"World Spider Catalog (WSC). 2023. World Spider Catalog. Versions 24.0. 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