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It has been introduced widely around the world including Asia Minor, Australia, Canada, Europe, Mexico, New Zealand, the United States (including Hawaii and Alaska), Africa, and South America.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":119813,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"This species is fairly cosmopolitan globally but probably has a European origin in Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. It has been introduced widely around the world including Asia Minor, Australia, Canada, Europe, Mexico, New Zealand, the United States (including Hawaii and Alaska), Africa, and South America.","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":99,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":">12,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":">12 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":">12 500","bioticsKey":46},"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species was first recorded in Hawaii either in 1931 or 1949 (Cowie, 1997) and has become established on Hawaii. In a recent survey, it was found in the Pua Akala region, southern part of Hakalua Forest National Wildlife Refuge, on the windward slopes of Mauna Kea, elevation 5150-6240 feet, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (Howarth et al., 2003). It had been documented historically in Colorado (Cockerell, 1927) but recent (2008) specimens exist in the University of Colorado Museum. In California, it occurs in 13 counties: Alameda, Calaveras, Humboldt, Kern, Los Angeles, Marin, Orange, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Barbara (incl. Santa Cruz Island), and Santa Clara (McDonnell et al., 2009). In New York, Hotopp and Pearce (2007) report it from 9 counties in the eastern, southeastern and far western parts of the state as an exotic. Forsyth (2005) documented it in the Upper Fraser Basin of central British Columbia in a single area in Quesnel but it is now widespread in southern British Columbia. Most recently, it was discovered in the Ktunaxa Traditional Territory in southeastern British Columbia (which extends from near Canada - U.S. border north to about 50 km north of Cranbrook) (Ovaska and Sopuck, 2009).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"In a recent survey, it was found in the Pua Akala region, southern part of Hakalua Forest National Wildlife Refuge, on the windward slopes of Mauna Kea, elevation 5150-6240 feet, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (Howarth et al., 2003).","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":119813,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"This nocturnal slug feeds primarily on decaying plant material and fungi, but because it shows aggressive behavior towards other slugs, it is often erroneously regarded as a predator (Barker 1999). It also feeds on roots, fruit, leafy crops and carrion (Grimm et al. 2009 in Dourson 2013).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106350,"foodHabits":{"id":8,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Detritivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Detritívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Détritivore","displayOrder":9},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1235,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Terrestrial Snails","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i.e., soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence.  Weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence.  Evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i.e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc.) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Barriers include barriers to dispersal such as the presence of permanent water bodies greater than 30 m in width, permanently frozen areas (e.g. mountaintop glaciers) which generally lack land snails (Frest and Johannes, 1995), or dry, xeric areas with less than six inches precipitation annually, as moisture is required for respiration and often hatching of eggs.  For the various slugs and slug-like species (families Arionidae, Philomycidae, Limacidae, Milacidae, Testacellidae, Veronicellidae), absence of suitable moisture, except for the most ubiquitous of species such as <i>Deroceras reticulatum</i> (Müller, 1774), can serve as a barrier to movement (Frest and Johannes, 1995).  Members of these groups tend to have greater difficulty crossing areas of little moisture than other pulmonates.  For tree snails (family Bulimulidae [= Orthalicidae]), lack of appropriate arboreal habitat (e.g. distance of greater than 500 m) also serves as a separation barrier.</b>","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"None","separationJustification":"Burch and Pearce (1990) suggest refuges may be the most important factor limiting terrestrial snail abundance, although the greatest richness of species among carbonate cliff habitats (one of the most diverse in North America) is associated with calcareous, as opposed to acidic, substrates (Nekola, 1999; Nekola and Smith, 1999).  The panmictic unit (a local population in which matings are random) is small relative to those of other animal groups because terrestrial snails tend to be more sedentary.  Baker (1958) claimed, \"long-distance dispersal of terrestrial gastropods is undoubtedly passive\" although short distance dispersal is active involving slow, short distance migration under favorable conditions.  Long-distance passive migration is not considered when assigning separation distances, as otherwise separation distances for many animals and plants would be made impracticably large.  Passive migration of snails on terrestrial mammals, birds, or insects may occur over longer distances may occur across barriers.  Passive migration also may occur by wind or by rafting on floating objects (Vagvolgyi, 1975).  A third form of passive migration may occur through human activity such as transport as food, with consumed goods, or for biological control of other organisms.  <br><br>Terrestrial gastropods do not move much usually only to find food or reproduce.  Olfaction is the primary sensory behavior utilized to find and move toward a food item (on the scale of cm to m) although Atkinson (2003) found that <i>Anguispira alternata</i> was capable of switching foraging behavior when snails encountered a physical barrier to movement.  Fisher et al (1980) reported maximum movement rate of <i>Rumina decollata</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), an introduced pest species in California spreading relatively rapidly (for a snail), to be 20 m in three months (= 6.67 m/month) in an irrigated orchard.  Tupen and Roth (2001) reported the movement rate for the same species in an un-irrigated native scrub on San Nicolas Island to be 0.4 km in 12 years (= 33.33 m/month).  South (1965) found in dispersal studies of the slug, <i>Deroceras reticulatum</i>, that slugs traveled a mean distance of 1.13 m in seven days indicating this species disperses little throughout its life.  Giokas and Mylonas (2004) found mean dispersal and minimal movement distances were very small (16.2 and 5.4 m, respectively) for <i>Albinaria coerulea</i>, with few individuals dispersing longer distances.  Even the most extreme dispersal distances, such as 500 m for the giant African land snail <i>Achatina fulica</i> (Tomiyama and Nakane, 1993), do not approach the scale of km.  Viable land snail populations generally occupy small areas.  Frest and Johannes (1995) report the largest <i>Oreohelix</i> colony they observed was one mile (1.67 km) long and 0.25 miles (0.41 km) wide while the smallest was six feet (183 cm) long and two feet (61 cm) wide.  <br><br>As a whole, pulmonates (previously Subclass Pulmonata) are better dispersers than prosobranchs (previously Subclass Prosobranchia) possibly due to their hermaphroditic reproduction increasing the chance of new colonization (Pilsbry, 1948).  When compared with prosobranch families, pulmonates generally reproduce at smaller sizes and sooner, produce greater numbers of eggs/young, have larger clutch sizes, greater growth rates, and shorter life cycles (Brown, 1991).  Further, prosobranchs' requirement of constant moisture for oxygen exchange limits their ability to colonize drier habitats.  Suitable habitat for pulmonate groups tends to be more varied and less restrictive than for prosobranch groups.  All of these factors contribute to pulmonates greater dispersal capability over prosobranchs, as evidenced by the wider and more varied distribution of pulmonates over prosobranchs.  Despite this, separation distance for both groups is set at the minimum one km as most movements are well within this suggested minimum separation distance.","versionDate":"2004-05-26","versionAuthor":"Cordeiro, J.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:29:11.104336Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":119813,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":120811,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T03:07:33.343668Z"}],"references":[{"id":513354,"citation":"Barker, G.M. 1999. 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