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Doubleday, [1847])","primaryCommonName":"Variegated Checkerspot","relatedItisNames":"<i>Euphydryas chalcedona</i> (E. Doubleday, 1847) (TSN 778054)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118920","elcode":"IILEPK4030","conceptRefFullCitation":"Pelham, J. P. 2008. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. Volume 40. 658 pp. Revised 14 February, 2012.","conceptName":"<i>Euphydryas chalcedona</i>","taxonomicComments":"There is disagreement about whether <i>Euphydryas colon</i> should be recognized as distinct from <i>E. chalcedona</i>. Here we follow Pohl et al. (2016), Pelham (2008), and Austin et al. (2003) in treating the northern populations as a species-level taxon, <i>Euphydryas colon</i>, separate from <i>E. chalcedona</i>. BugGuide follows other authors in treating them as conspecific, including Opler and Warren (2002, 2004), Guppy and Shepard (2001), Pyle (2002), and Warren, (2005) pending more research. A study by Zimmerman et al. (2000) did not resolve relationships among these taxa.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2023-11-09","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Opler, P.A. (1987); rev. M. Ormes (2018); rev. T. Cornelisse (2023)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":184101,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":849008,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3?","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":849008,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":315855,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo 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some regional threats and localized declines, this species has a large range and number of occurrences, and it has been documented across its range consistently in recent years.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":118920,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":11,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Unknown","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Desconocido","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":7,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Unknown","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Desconocido","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in the United States throughout California, in southern Oregon along the Californian border, and extreme southern Nevada to central Arizona and in Baja California, Mexico (GBIF 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is known from thousands of occurrences using a 2 km separation distance and records from 1993-2023 (GBIF 2023).","popSizeComments":"It is one of the most abundant butterflies in California (Pyle and LaBar 2018).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species is somewhat threatened by warming and precipitation changes due to climate change and habitat loss due to development and agriculture in the western United States (Forister et al. 2021; Forister et al. 2023).","shortTermTrendComments":"There have been > 7,000 increasing observations across its range between 2013 and 2023, and while populations have generally been stable overall with a predicted stable growth rate (GBIF 2023; Forister et al. 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"Populations of this species have declined over recent decades at monitored sites in California, the majority of its range (Forister et al. 2021; Forister et al. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":118920,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Larval host plants for this species are monkeyflowers, penstemons, paintbrush and other figworts (Scrophulariaceae), particularly large plants, and adults nectar on many flower types (Shapiro 2007; Pyle and LaBar 2018).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":109188,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":108207,"foodHabits":{"id":7,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Nectarivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Nectarívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Nectarivore","displayOrder":7},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1208,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small or Localized Nymphalids","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":2.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"In the overwhelming majority of situations with most taxa likely to be tracked and mapped the inferred extent is simply the entire contiguous or nearly contiguous suitable habitat, which will usually be a few hundred hectares or less or a fairly obvious collection of patches within a well defined community. However in situations with extensive contiguous habitat or closely proximate patches (e.g. along a ridgetop or along a river) it is unreasonable to assume it is consistently unoccupied, but occupancy should not be inferred over more than 2 kilometers without additional data.","minimumEoCriteria":"A location where a population occurs, or has occurred, where there is potential for persistence or continued recurrence. Minimally a place where the species has been verified where there is adequate larval foodplant, nectar and overall habitat to sustain a population. Repeated occurrences of adults out of habitat on flowers, e.g. in gardens are not occurrences. Verification standards vary with species. For all a collected specimen is preferable except with taxa for which this would be illegal. Good photographs will always, almost always, or sometimes suffice depending on species and locality. Photographs are much more likely to suffice if both the upper and underside are clearly shown.","mappingGuidance":"In general larval foodplants, but sometimes also nectar plants, are the main basis for EOs. These plus general habitat features can be used as boundaries. With metapopulations the separate demes often should be mapped. Consult habitat and foodplant comments fields for species-specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences for individual species.","separationBarriers":"Minimal data and probably vary with species. Usually not relevant.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Multiple colonies within an overall community matrix such as openings within pine barrens or savannas, or foodplant patches within a wetland complex, prairie remnant, canyon or along a stream should generally be treated as one metapopulation occurrence by using the suitable habitat distance, especially if the foodplant occurs to some degree between the colonies.","separationJustification":"There are few good data for most species, but some of the California <i>Euphydryas</i> taxa have been intensively studied by Paul Ehrlich and others as have some comparable European species. These data and many casual observations all suggest metapopulation structures are common and that females sometimes leave colonies and disperse for kilometers even into and through urban areas and even rarely between low peaks. An extreme example might be <i>Euphydryas phaeton</i> around New Haven Connecticut at least into the 1980s (before <i>Plantago</i> was adopted as a primary foodplant). Valley marsh <i>Chelone</i> feeding populations would sporadically colonize ridgetops and produce colonies on Aureolaria. These colonies usually did not persist more than a year or two but periodically reappeared. At the same time wetland colonies sometimes were wiped out when population explosions caused larval starvation, but such places got recolonized within a few years (observations of D. Schweitzer and others). <i>Chlosyne harrisii</i> also is subject to frequent extirpation and recolonization at least southward. Gatrelle and others report that even the highly restricted <i>Phyciodes batesii maconensis</i> moves along forest roads. Within most of its range <i>P. tharos</i> will reliably find virtually every patch of suitable asters, even colonizing single large plants left in lawns.<br /><br />It appears then that populations within a few kilometers will usually be somewhat connected. As with most Lepidoptera, contiguous suitable habitat is rarely only partially occupied. If the species occurs at all, all such habitat should be assumed occupied at least some of the time. However, for practical considerations observations more than 10 kilometers apart should be considered separate pending more information. Both distances are arbitrary but seem consistent with what is known.","versionDate":"2001-09-12","versionAuthor":"Schweitzer, Dale F.","versionNotes":"These Specs are not appropriate for migratory species.","lastModified":"2021-11-06T21:59:20.333939Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":118920,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":119948,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T03:05:15.013756Z"}],"references":[{"id":646819,"citation":"Austin, G.T., D.D. Murphy, J.F. Baughman, A.E. Launer, and E. Fleishman. 2003. Hybridization of checkerspot butterflies in the great basin. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57(3):176-192.","shortCitationAuthor":"Austin et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03AUS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:02:43.349596Z"},{"id":125743,"citation":"Emmel, Thomas C., editor. 1998. Systematics of western North American butterflies. Mariposa Press, Gainesville, Florida. 878 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Emmel","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98EMM01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:28:41.740906Z"},{"id":346785,"citation":"Ferris, C. D., editor 1989. Supplement to: A catalogue/checklist of the butterflies of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of the Lepidopterists' Society 3:viii, 1-103.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ferris","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89FER01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:34:22.433585Z"},{"id":1115437,"citation":"Forister, M. L., C. A. Halsch, C. C. Nice, J. A. Fordyce, T. E. Dilts, J. C. Oliver, K. L. Prudic, A. M. Shapiro, J. K. Wilson, and J. Glassberg. 2021. Fewer butterflies seen by community scientists across the warming and drying landscapes of the American West. Science 371(6533):1042-1045.","shortCitationAuthor":"Forister et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21FOR01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-08-05T22:39:16.116596Z"},{"id":1133511,"citation":"Forister, M. L., E. M. Grames, C. A. Halsch, K. J. Burls, C. F. Carroll, K. L. Bell, J. P. Jahner et al. 2023. Assessing risk for butterflies in the context of climate change, demographic uncertainty, and heterogeneous data sources. Ecological Monographs 93 (3): e1584.","shortCitationAuthor":"Forister et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23FOR01NAUS","lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:23:00.304039Z"},{"id":1121164,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2023. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. 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