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Mexican distribution includes Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas (Hernandez et al., 2008). It was widely introduced in many places throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe, and also outside its native range in North America (see Hobbs, 1989). Genetic variation in introduced European populations found to be high enough to uniquely fingerprint most of the surveyed individuals (Barbaresi et al., 2003) and a similar situation exists in Asia (Yue et al., 2010). In the United States, established non-native populations now occur in California, Nevada, Idaho, Illinois, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, and Washington (Taylor and Schuster, 2004).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The species has been introduced to Massachusetts (University of Massachusetts campus pond, Amherst) and Rhode Island (University of Rhode Island campus pond, Kingston) (Smith, 2000). Recently it was found at a single in the Catawba River in North Carolina (Alderman, 2005). It has been introduced to all North Carolina river basins in the Piedmont Plateau and Coastal Plain (Cooper and Armstrong, 2007; Simmons and Fraley, 2010). It has been introduced in a variety of aquatic habitats in lentic areas in South Carolina across much of the state (Eversole and Jones, 2004).In Georgia, it has been introduced into a single stream in downtown Athens and a highly disturbed urban stream in Gwinnett Co. and an urban stream in the Etowah River system (Skelton, 2010). In the Cumberland Plateau it occurs from introductions in the Black Warrior River system in Jefferson Co., Alabama. (Bouchard, 1974). In Kentucky, it has a distribution almost identical to <i>Procambarus viaeviridis</i>; known from the floodplains of the extreme lower Tennessee, lower Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers and from tributaries of the Mississippi River in the extreme western portion of the state (Taylor and Schuster, 2004). In Indiana, it was collected in 2000 from Lake Michigan in Indiana and it has spread into the West Branch of the Grand Calamet River (Simon, 2001) and more recently in East Branch Calumet River in Lake Co. (Simon et al., 2005). In Ohio, it was introduced in the western end of Sandusky Bay, a fish hatchery at Denison University, and the Grand River upstream of Harpersfield Dam (Thoma and Jezerinac, 2000). In Missouri, it occurs widely in the Lowland Faunal Region (Pflieger, 1996). In Illinois it is known from lowland habitats in the extreme southern Illinois counties of Alexander, Jackson, massac, Pope, Pulaski, and Union (Page, 1985) and recently the North branch Chicago River in Chicago, Cook Co.; hundreds of km north (Taylor and Tucker, 2005). In Alabama, it is known from the Tennessee, Mobile, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Escambia River systems (Schuster and Taylor, 2004) as well as Alabama, Pascagoula, and Tombigbee drainages (Schuster et al., 2008). In Texas, the natural range is throughout the eastern portion along the coastal plain and upstream within rivers thatr flow from the Edwards Plateau into the Gulf (Johnson and Johnson, 2008). This species has been documented in Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, Mexico (Dinger et al., 2005).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The red swamp crayfish is a highly invasive species which is under no threat. It is a major threat to other crayfish and to freshwater ecosystems in general. In an anomalous instance, <i>P. acutus</i> replaced <i>P. clarkii</i> in experimental culture ponds in South Carolina in <10 years (Eversole et al., 2006).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"It is an extreme generalist and colonizer. Hypoxia found to reduce survival by 31% and growth by 16% after 12 weeks, and survival by 65% and growth by 90% after 6 weeks (McClain, 1999). Able to survive extensive periods of burrowing, including periods of air exposure, by recovering haemolymph levels rapidly following oxygen depravation and rapid excretion in burrows (McMahon and Stuart, 1999)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":117840,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Reports of migrations of males of several miles over comparatively dry areas, esp. in fall rainy season.","foodHabitsComments":"Opportunistic; thrives on various commercial \"pet foods\".","animalPhenologyComments":"Circadian as melatonin induces changes in excitability of photoreceptors in the eyestalks of this species (Solorzano-Garcia et al., 1999).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100103,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":100203,"foodHabits":{"id":8,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Detritivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Detritívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Détritivore","displayOrder":9},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1056,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Crayfishes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i.e., soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. Evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i.e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc.) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Separation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity. Additional physical barriers, particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers, include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m. Migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric (dry and desert-like) (Smith, 2001).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":2.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Freshwater cave (troglobitic) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems. For cave species, each cave where an observation or collection was recorded (see Minimum EO Criteria, above) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system (see below). Occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement. Multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart. Multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km.","separationJustification":"Habitat for these creatures is primarily separated according to each species' burrowing ability. All crayfish are able to burrow to some extent and this ability will help determine the range of habitats in which a species can be found. Burrowing in the Astacidae is limited to streambed and bank excavation (Hobbs, 1988). The Cambaridae, as a whole are much more adept at burrowing than the Astacidae. As a result, they possess a greater habitat range than the Astacidae including dry water bodies (Hogger, 1988).<br /><br />The burrowers can be classified into three categories: primary burrowers, secondary burrowers, and tertiary burrowers. Primary burrowers tend to remain in their burrows continuously and live in areas without permanent water except during breeding when they must migrate to a nearby water source (Hogger, 1988). The prairies of eastern and central Mississippi and western Alabama are an example of primary burrower habitat (Hogger, 1988). Secondary burrowers remain in burrows during dry periods but emerge when habitats are inundated seasonally. Such habitat includes lentic systems flooded periodically but dry in summer (Huner and Romaire, 1979) and permanent and temporary ponds and swamps in the southern United States. Tertiary burrowers do not burrow except during infrequent drought conditions and/or during breeding season. Both flowing and standing water can be tertiary burrower habitat.<br /><br />Because primary burrowers, and to a lesser extent secondary burrowers, can occupy xeric habitats, separation barriers for such species do not include presence of upland habitat except in extremely dry conditions. Survival during dry periods, particularly for secondary burrowers, is dependent upon construction of a burrow regardless of season. Several different types have been described (Smith, 2001) depending on species, soil, and depth of water table.<br /><br />Published information about movement in relation to migration distance is lacking but Cooper (1998, personal communication) and Fitzpatrick (1998, personal communication) both recommend a separation distance of one km between element occurrences. Dispersal patterns are best known for invasive species which likely have the greatest dispersal capability, therefore, separation distances have been determined for all crayfish based on these studies. Guan and Wiles (1998) provided evidence from the River Great Ouse in the United Kingdom that the range of movement for the majority of the invasive <i>Pacifastacus leniusculus</i> was within 190 m. Bubb et al. (2004) also studied P. leniusculus in England using radio-tagging and found median maximal upstream and downstream movement distances were 13.5 m (range 0-283 m) and 15 m (range 0-417 m), respectively. Barbaresi et al. (2004) found that ranging speed in the invasive crayfish <i>Procambarus clarkii</i> (Girard) to be slow (0.3 to 76.5 m/day) with the widest ranging individual traveling 304 m. Lewis and Horton (1996) found that 21% of tagged <i>Pacifastacus leniusculus</i> in an Oregon harvest pond moved &gt;1000 m in one year while the majority moved &lt;500 m. As such minimum separation distance (unsuitable and suitable) has been set at the NatureServe standard minimum of two km.<br /><br />Exposed pools and streams in caves represent \"karst windows\" into more extensive underground streams. No information on the distance cave crayfish can disperse in underground streams is yet available.","versionDate":"2004-10-18","versionAuthor":"Cordeiro, J.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2022-03-05T03:13:21.762324Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":117840,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":118900,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T03:02:16.854536Z"}],"references":[{"id":629797,"citation":"Alderman, J.M. 2005. 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