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species has a large range and number of occurrences and has been documented across its range consistently in recent years, but the threat of sea level rise and storm surges will likely get worse into the future.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":116578,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":40,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","longTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","longTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square 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using a 3 km separation distance and records from 1995-2026 (RARECAT 2025; Abbott 2026; NatureServe 2026).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species' coastal salt marsh habitat is threatened by increased intensity and frequency of storms and sea level rise (Maine Natural Areas Program 2025).","shortTermTrendComments":"Short-term trends of this species appear relatively stable as there is no evidence of a range contraction or decline in the number of occurrences based on the > 8300 increasing records across the species' range from 2015-2026 (RARECAT 2025; Abbott 2026; NatureServe 2026).","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term trends of this species appear relatively stable as there is no evidence of a range contraction or decline in the number of occurrences based on the > 9000 increasing records across the species' range over time (RARECAT 2025; Abbott 2026; NatureServe 2026).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Dragonflies in this family have a low to moderate tolerance to disturbed and polluted conditions (WVDEP 2024).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":116578,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"This species probably occurs year around in the southern limits of the region (Abbott, 2007). It is considered a rare vagrant or facultative migrant, but only based on historical reports that need verification (Russell et al., 1998).","foodHabitsComments":"Dragonfly nymphs and adults consume other invertebrates, with larger nymphs also consuming small vertebrates, like fish and tadpoles (Lam 2024).","animalPhenologyComments":"Adults forage over marshes, perching among and on the tips of marsh grasses; males have been reported to weakly defend small (<5 m) territories around pools and tidal creeks (Dunkle 1989; Nikula et al. 2003) but in other localities no territoriality has been observed (Wilson 1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103487,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":116934,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":false,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":116933,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":false,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":116932,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1171,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Pond-Breeding Odonates","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"The few studies determining area of adult foraging habitat surrounding breeding sites have indicated a range of 30 meters to 300 meters [see Briggs (1993) for <i>Enallagma laterale</i>; Corbet (1999) for <i>Nesciothemis nigeriensis</i> and <i>Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis</i>; Beukeman (2002) for <i>Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis</i>; and Samways and Steytler (1996) for <i>Chorolestes tessalatus</i>].  As a result, an element occurrence should include the breeding site and surrounding pond or upland habitat extending 500 m in a radius from the breeding site.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens ideally with evidence of on-site breeding (teneral adults, mating pairs, territorial males, ovipositing females, larvae, or exuviae) at a given location with potential breeding habitat.  Although oviposition may not necessarily yield progeny that survive to adulthood (Fincke, 1992) and movements resembling oviposition may not necessarily result in egg deposition (Okazawa and Ubukata, 1978; Martens, 1992; 1994), presence of on-site oviposition is here accepted as an indicator of a minimum element occurrence because the time and effort involved in determining success of emergence is beyond the scope of the general survey.  As adults of some species might disperse moderate distances (see below), only sites with available larval habitat can be considered appropriate for a minimum occurrence.  Single, non-breeding adults captured away from potential suitable breeding habitat should not be treated as element occurrences.  Evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i.e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc.) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information.  A photograph may be accepted as documentation of an element occurrence for adults only (nymphs and subimagos are too difficult to identify in this manner) provided that the photograph shows diagnostic features that clearly delineate the species from other species with similar features.  Sight records, though valuable, should not be accepted as the basis for new element occurrences.  Instead, such records should be utilized to further study an area to verify the element occurrence in that area.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Within catchments there are likely no significant barriers to movement of sexually mature adults between microhabitats, with even extensive sections of inappropriate waterway or major obstructions to flow being readily traversed by adults within the flight season.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":3.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Adults odonates are known to wander, some over great distances (not so for damselflies). Mass migration over great distances is not herein considered when drafting separation distances as such behavior is limited to few species (e.g. <i>Anax junius</i>, <i>Libellula quadrimaculata</i>, other <i>Libellula</i> spp., <i>Sympetrum</i> spp.), occurs unpredictably and infrequently (10 year cycles for <i>L. quadrimaculata</i>), are unidirectional or intergenerational (Freeland et al., 2003), or occurs under unusual circumstances such as irritation by trematode parasites (Dumont and Hinnekint, 1973) or major weather events (Moskowitz et al., 2001; Russell et al., 1998).<br><br>Corbet (1999) estimated average distance traveled for a commuting flight (between reproductive and foraging sites) to be less than 200 m but sometimes greater than one km.  Pond-breeding odonates may wander but generally stay within a few km of their emergence pond.  At the species level, overall range (and dispsersal capability) tends to be larger than for lotic species possibly in response to greater instability of lentic versus lotic habitat over time (Hof et al., 2006). Distribution is often limited in response to presence or absence of predators (also dependent on habitat permanence) (McPeek, 1989; Stoks and McPeek, 2003a; 2003b). At night and during inclement weather, adult <i>Procordulia grayi</i> roosted at least one km away from the reproductive site (Rowe, 1987).  Conrad et al. (1999) listed maximum dispersal distance of <i>Sympetrum sanguieneum</i> at 1.2 km but at 800 m or less with high dispersal rate between ponds for other species (<i>Ischnura elegans</i>, <i>Coenagrion puella</i>, <i>C. pulchellum</i>, <i>Lestes sponsa</i>, <i>Enallagma cyathigerum</i>, and <i>Pyrrhosoma nymphalis</i>).  Michiels and Dhondt (1991) cited dispersal distance of <i>Sympetrum donae</i> in Belgium at greater than 1.75 km and most mature adults immigrated away from the emergence site.  Moore (1986) cited several species of <i>Enallagma</i> as dispersing 2.7 km and found no colonization of artificial acid water ponds in eastern England constructed at least 5 km from colonized natural ponds in 12 consecutive years (single introduced population of <i>Ceriagrion tenellum</i> not surviving past the second generation). Purse et al. (2003) found mature adults of the rare European damselfly, <i>Coenagrion mercuriale</i>, had a low rate of movement within continuous habitat (< 25 m), low emigration rates (1.3 to 11.4%), and low colonization distances (max. 1 km), comparable to other similarly sized coenagrionids.<br><br>Even within genera, however, differences in dispersal patterns may exist.  McPeek (1989) found the mechanisms causing <i>Enallagma</i> movements between Michigan lakes were due to propensity to leave natal lakes, not active selection of different habitats (e.g. lakes with fish, without fish, or winterkill lakes with fish part-year).  With the exception of winterkill lake species (<i>Enallagma ebrium</i>), species in lakes with fish (<i>E. geminatum</i>, <i>E. hageni</i>) and fishless lake species (<i>E. boreale</i>, <i>E. cyathigerum</i>), moved little or not at all away from natal lakes; even those less than 10 m apart. Natural selection may favor remaining at natal lakes where ecological conditions are constant and dispersal costs (i.e. mortality) high (McPeek, 1989).  Uncharacteristic movement of <i>E. ebrium</i> away from natal lakes is explained by recolonization of lakes in which populations have been reduced or eliminated and reproducing when winterkill of fish populations changes a lake to the fishless condition.<br><br>Considering the above tendency for pond breeding odonates to remain at or near (order of hundreds of meters) natal emergence sites, separation distance has been set at 3 km.","versionDate":"2007-02-12","versionAuthor":"Cordeiro, J.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:29:22.448401Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":116578,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":117665,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:58:49.898352Z"}],"references":[{"id":621073,"citation":"Abbott, J.C. 2005. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New York. 344 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abbott","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05ABB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:58.849439Z"},{"id":1165856,"citation":"Abbott, J.C. 2006-2026. OdonataCentral: An online resource for the distribution and identification of Odonata. Available at https://www.odonatacentral.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"Abbott","shortCitationYear":2026,"referenceCode":"W26ABB01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-05-02T00:57:41.83311Z"},{"id":510707,"citation":"Abbott, J.C. 2007. Last updated 2011. OdonataCentral: An online resource for the distribution and identification of Odonata. Texas Natural Science Center, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Available at: http://www.odonatacentral.org.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abbott","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"W07ABB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:00.773321Z"},{"id":642250,"citation":"Brunelle, P.-M. and P. deMaynadier. 2005. The Maine Dameslfly and Dragonfly Survey: A Final Report. 2nd edition. Report prepared for the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW), Bangor, Maine. November 1, 2005. 31 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brunelle and deMaynadier","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"R05BRU01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:00.788945Z"},{"id":1140195,"citation":"Cannings, R.A., J. Klymko, P.M. Catling, M. Savard, G. Lemelin, C.D. Jones, S.G. Cannings and R.-J. Savard. 2024. The dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Canada: species list, geographical distribution, status, and conservation ranks. Zootaxa 5410(1): 001-048.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cannings et al.","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"A24CAN01NACA","lastModified":"2026-05-02T01:09:54.784622Z"},{"id":114027,"citation":"Carpenter, V. 1991. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Cape Cod. The Cape Cod Museum of Natural History: Brewster, Massachusetts. 79 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carpenter","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CAR01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:00.788945Z"},{"id":141104,"citation":"Dunkle, S.W., 1989. Dragonflies of the Florida Peninsula, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL. 154 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dunkle","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89DUN01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:29:54.460573Z"},{"id":1168006,"citation":"Hedlund, J.S., Menz, M., Chapman, J.W. and Hayward, A., 2026. Flight of the dragons: a global review of migration in Odonata. 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Female lays eggs accompanied by the male in these pools by dipping her abdomen numerous times while hovering in place (Abbott 2007).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"This species is found in salt marshes and mangrove swamps along the eastern shores of the United States; and in saline lakes in the southwestern United States;it is the only small dragonfly occurring in salt water habitats (Dunkle 1989; Nikula et al. 2003; Lam 2024; NatureServe 2026).","generalDescription":"The male thorax is dark navy blue to black; abdomen slender and black with dull orange lateral spots on S3-S7 (that fade with age). Eyes are dark brown and the face is blackish. The female and immature male thorax is intricately patterned in narrow orange and black \"tiger\" stripes; abdomen is mostly oragne above on S1-S7 and black below. Wings of some females have a large amber patch at the mid-point and amber at the base. Older females become all dark and similar to males. Both sexes often hold the wings cocked downward (Nikula et al., 2003).<br/><br/>Young males and females have a pale face with broad black stripes. The thorax is pale yellowish, heavily striped with black on the front and sides. The dark stripes are broadly confluent at their lower ends. The face and thorax quickly become entirely dark blue or black in males and nearly so in females. The top of the frons becomes metallic blue. The wings are clear or have a hint of amber basally and at the nodus in females. The legs are black. The abdomen is largely black with broad orange or yellow spots dorsally on segments 1-7. These spots quickly become obscured in males and more slowly in females. Females are variable during this transition time; the thorax turns black before the abdomen in some individuals and there may or may not be an amber spot near the nodus in each wing. Females have a triangular shaped, scooped-out, ovipositor projecting ventrally from segment 9 (Abbott, 2007).<br/><br/>Total length: 28-35 mm; abdomen: 15-23 mm; hindwing: 18-26 mm (Abbott, 2007).<br/><br/>LARVAE:<br/>To distinguish from other families, triangle of each forewing at least twice as far from arculus as triangle of each hindwing; triangles of forewings more or less transversely elongated, distinctly different in shape from those of hingwings; eyes in contact for some distance dorsally, forming a distinct eye seam; thickened antenodal crossveins not present, all antenodals (except sometimes the most distal) aligned from veins C to R. To distinguish from other genera, eyes usually large, located more laterally, not generally projecting above general surface of the epicranium; in dorsal view the epicranium posterior to eyes less than twice as long as eyes and with lateral margins usually somewhat convergent posteriorly behind eyes; abdomen relatively short and blunt; dorsal hooks present on some abdominal segments but no dorsal hook on abdominal segment 9 and no dorsal hook on abdominal segment 8, lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 shorter than middorsal length of segment, not much longer than those of segment 8, never approaching level of tips of paraprocts; margin of middle lobe of prementum more or less smoothly convex; distal margin of each palp with crenulations inconspicuous.<br/>To distinguish from other <i>Erythrodiplax </i>species, tiny but erect middorsal hooks on several abdominal segments (Needham et al., 2000).<br/><br/>From Abbott (2005): \"Young males and females have a pale face with broad black stripes. The thorax is pale yellowish, heavily striped with black on the front and sides, the stripes broadly confluent at their lower ends. The face and thorax quickly become entirely dark blue or black in males and nearly so in females. The top fo the frons becomes metallic blue. Theh wings are clear, or h ave a hint of amber basally and at the nodus in females. The legs are black. The abdomen is largely black, with broad orange or yellow spots dorsally on segments 1-7. These spots quickly become obscured in males, more slowly in females. Females are variable during this transition time: the thorax turns black before the abdomen in some individuals, and there may or may not be an amber spot near the nodus in each wing. Females have a triangular-shaped, scooped-out, ovipositor projecting ventrally from segment 9.\"","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Even where numerous, their small size, coloration, and low, weak flights make them inconspicuous. The male slaty skimmer, <i>Libellula incesta</i>, is similar but much larger and does not occur in saline habitats. Female blue dashers, <i>Pachydiplax longipennis</i>, are larger with paired yellow dorsal streaks on the abdomen (Nikula et al., 2003). Other similar dragonflies will generally not be found so closely tied to coastal areas. In the south-central U.S., gray-waisted skimmer (<i>Cannaphila insularis</i>) is larger and the hindwing bases are narrow. Similar pondhawks (<i>Erythemis </i>spp.) have the basal abdominal segments distinctly swollen. Female small pennants (<i>Celithemis </i>spp.) will lack ovipositors and males with a dark spot in the basal area of the hindwing will also have a different lateral thoracic color pattern (Abbott, 2005; 2007).","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-101305,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101662,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101655,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101656,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":3,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Lagoon","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Laguna","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Lagune","displayOrder":3}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101657,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":4,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Tidal flat/shore","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Marea plana/orilla","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Replat de marée/rivage","displayOrder":4}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101658,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":5,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Herbaceous wetland","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Humedal herbáceo","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Terre humide herbacée","displayOrder":5}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1100913,"citation":"Paulson, D.R., and S.W. 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