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species is widespread in the United States and southern Canada; and also ranges into the West Indies, Guatemala and Belize south to Costa Rica; and recently in England (Abbott, 2007).","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":116554,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"This species is widespread in the United States, known from every state (Needham et al., 2000) and southern Canada; and also ranges into the West Indies, Guatemala and Belize south to Costa Rica; and recently in England (Abbott, 2007).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"In Alabama this species is common and probably the most often observed aeshnid. It occurs throughout the state and should be expected in all counties (Tennessen et al., 1995).  In the south-central United States, it occurs in the Arkansas, Bayou Bartholomew, Brazos, Canadian, Cimarron, Colorado, Colorado (New Mexico), Guadalupe, Lower Rio Grande, Mississippi, Neches, Nueces, Ouachita, Pecos, Red, Sabine, San Antonio, San Jacinto, St. Francis, Trinity, Upper Rio Grande, and White River watersheds (Abbott, 2005). It was recently found in Fort Sill, Lawton, Camanche Co., Oklahoma (Zuellig et al., 2006).  It is common throughout all of Massachusetts (Nikula et al., 2003).  In Maine, it occurs in every county across the state (Brunelle and deMaynadier, 2005).  This species has been documented in Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, Mexico (Dinger et al., 2005).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":116554,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"This species is one of the few North American dragonflies that migrates and is therefore most common in the spring and fall. Migration may be triggered by seasonal warm fronts. Massive swarm migrations (1.2 million individuals) have been documented in Illinois, New Jersey, and Florida (Russell et al., 1998).  Migrants from the south are some of the first dragonflies seen in spring and southbound swarms in Massachusetts in early fall may have thousands of individuals (Nikula et al., 2003).  It generally arrives in Minnesota in late April and breeds primarily in marshy lakes and ponds.  A new generation of adults fly south in September (Haarstad, 1997).  There is evidence that the migratory movements are strongly influenced by seasonal warm fronts (Abbott, 2005).","foodHabitsComments":"It is a voracious predator commonly taking wasps, butterflies, mosquitoes, and other dragonflies on the wing. It has even been reported to attack hummingbirds and can be cannibalistic (Abbott, 2007).","animalPhenologyComments":"Adults fly from early morning until dusk, often joining late afternoon feeding swarms.  It is one of three darner species that perches in low grasses and weeds.  Males patrol shorelines, clashing with other males and searching for females (Nikula et al., 2003).<br><br>Flight period in Texas is year round (Abbott, 2005).  Needham et al. (2000) document flight period as year round in the South, taken every month in Florida; with migrants in Canada in April and normal flight from the first week in August to the second week in October; and May 3 to October 26 in Washington state.  In Cape Cod, Massachusetts, it is June-September (Carpenter, 1991).  In British Columbia it is April 29 to September 6 (Cannings and Stewart, 1977).  In Kansas it is late April to mid-October (Beckemeyer and Higgins, 1997).  In California it is April to November (Biggs, 2000).  In Florida it is year round but usually migrates northward in summer (Dunkle, 1989).  In Georgia it is almost year round except in early January when some migration northwards occurs (Beaton, 2007).  In Ohio it is from April 5 to October 25 (Glotzhober and McShaffrey, 2002).  In the western Great Lakes, it is mid-April to mid-October (Mead, 2003).  In Massachusetts, it it late April to late November (Nikula et al., 2003).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103481,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false}],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1171,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Pond-Breeding Odonates","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"The few studies determining area of adult foraging habitat surrounding breeding sites have indicated a range of 30 meters to 300 meters [see Briggs (1993) for <i>Enallagma laterale</i>; Corbet (1999) for <i>Nesciothemis nigeriensis</i> and <i>Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis</i>; Beukeman (2002) for <i>Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis</i>; and Samways and Steytler (1996) for <i>Chorolestes tessalatus</i>].  As a result, an element occurrence should include the breeding site and surrounding pond or upland habitat extending 500 m in a radius from the breeding site.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens ideally with evidence of on-site breeding (teneral adults, mating pairs, territorial males, ovipositing females, larvae, or exuviae) at a given location with potential breeding habitat.  Although oviposition may not necessarily yield progeny that survive to adulthood (Fincke, 1992) and movements resembling oviposition may not necessarily result in egg deposition (Okazawa and Ubukata, 1978; Martens, 1992; 1994), presence of on-site oviposition is here accepted as an indicator of a minimum element occurrence because the time and effort involved in determining success of emergence is beyond the scope of the general survey.  As adults of some species might disperse moderate distances (see below), only sites with available larval habitat can be considered appropriate for a minimum occurrence.  Single, non-breeding adults captured away from potential suitable breeding habitat should not be treated as element occurrences.  Evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i.e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc.) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information.  A photograph may be accepted as documentation of an element occurrence for adults only (nymphs and subimagos are too difficult to identify in this manner) provided that the photograph shows diagnostic features that clearly delineate the species from other species with similar features.  Sight records, though valuable, should not be accepted as the basis for new element occurrences.  Instead, such records should be utilized to further study an area to verify the element occurrence in that area.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Within catchments there are likely no significant barriers to movement of sexually mature adults between microhabitats, with even extensive sections of inappropriate waterway or major obstructions to flow being readily traversed by adults within the flight season.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":3.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Adults odonates are known to wander, some over great distances (not so for damselflies). Mass migration over great distances is not herein considered when drafting separation distances as such behavior is limited to few species (e.g. <i>Anax junius</i>, <i>Libellula quadrimaculata</i>, other <i>Libellula</i> spp., <i>Sympetrum</i> spp.), occurs unpredictably and infrequently (10 year cycles for <i>L. quadrimaculata</i>), are unidirectional or intergenerational (Freeland et al., 2003), or occurs under unusual circumstances such as irritation by trematode parasites (Dumont and Hinnekint, 1973) or major weather events (Moskowitz et al., 2001; Russell et al., 1998).<br><br>Corbet (1999) estimated average distance traveled for a commuting flight (between reproductive and foraging sites) to be less than 200 m but sometimes greater than one km.  Pond-breeding odonates may wander but generally stay within a few km of their emergence pond.  At the species level, overall range (and dispsersal capability) tends to be larger than for lotic species possibly in response to greater instability of lentic versus lotic habitat over time (Hof et al., 2006). Distribution is often limited in response to presence or absence of predators (also dependent on habitat permanence) (McPeek, 1989; Stoks and McPeek, 2003a; 2003b). At night and during inclement weather, adult <i>Procordulia grayi</i> roosted at least one km away from the reproductive site (Rowe, 1987).  Conrad et al. (1999) listed maximum dispersal distance of <i>Sympetrum sanguieneum</i> at 1.2 km but at 800 m or less with high dispersal rate between ponds for other species (<i>Ischnura elegans</i>, <i>Coenagrion puella</i>, <i>C. pulchellum</i>, <i>Lestes sponsa</i>, <i>Enallagma cyathigerum</i>, and <i>Pyrrhosoma nymphalis</i>).  Michiels and Dhondt (1991) cited dispersal distance of <i>Sympetrum donae</i> in Belgium at greater than 1.75 km and most mature adults immigrated away from the emergence site.  Moore (1986) cited several species of <i>Enallagma</i> as dispersing 2.7 km and found no colonization of artificial acid water ponds in eastern England constructed at least 5 km from colonized natural ponds in 12 consecutive years (single introduced population of <i>Ceriagrion tenellum</i> not surviving past the second generation). Purse et al. (2003) found mature adults of the rare European damselfly, <i>Coenagrion mercuriale</i>, had a low rate of movement within continuous habitat (< 25 m), low emigration rates (1.3 to 11.4%), and low colonization distances (max. 1 km), comparable to other similarly sized coenagrionids.<br><br>Even within genera, however, differences in dispersal patterns may exist.  McPeek (1989) found the mechanisms causing <i>Enallagma</i> movements between Michigan lakes were due to propensity to leave natal lakes, not active selection of different habitats (e.g. lakes with fish, without fish, or winterkill lakes with fish part-year).  With the exception of winterkill lake species (<i>Enallagma ebrium</i>), species in lakes with fish (<i>E. geminatum</i>, <i>E. hageni</i>) and fishless lake species (<i>E. boreale</i>, <i>E. cyathigerum</i>), moved little or not at all away from natal lakes; even those less than 10 m apart. Natural selection may favor remaining at natal lakes where ecological conditions are constant and dispersal costs (i.e. mortality) high (McPeek, 1989).  Uncharacteristic movement of <i>E. ebrium</i> away from natal lakes is explained by recolonization of lakes in which populations have been reduced or eliminated and reproducing when winterkill of fish populations changes a lake to the fishless condition.<br><br>Considering the above tendency for pond breeding odonates to remain at or near (order of hundreds of meters) natal emergence sites, separation distance has been set at 3 km.","versionDate":"2007-02-12","versionAuthor":"Cordeiro, J.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:29:22.448401Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":116554,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":117641,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:58:45.960975Z"}],"references":[{"id":621073,"citation":"Abbott, J.C. 2005. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New York. 344 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abbott","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05ABB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:58.849439Z"},{"id":510707,"citation":"Abbott, J.C. 2007. Last updated 2011. OdonataCentral: An online resource for the distribution and identification of Odonata. Texas Natural Science Center, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Available at: http://www.odonatacentral.org.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abbott","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"W07ABB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:00.773321Z"},{"id":648469,"citation":"Abbott, J.C., Editor. 2008. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) of Texas. Volume 3. Odonata Survey of Texas, Austin. 324 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abbott","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08ABB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:03.007587Z"},{"id":157185,"citation":"Baumann, R.W. and A.L. Huillet. 2000. Odonata of Moapa Warm Springs, Clark County, Nevada. Argia, 12(4): 2-3.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baumann and Huillet","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00BAU02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:51.443086Z"},{"id":514744,"citation":"Beaton, G. 2007a. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. University of Georgia Press: Athens, Georgia. 355 pp. Updates available at: http://www.giffbeaton.com/dragonflies.htm.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beaton","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"B07BEA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:00.788945Z"},{"id":157266,"citation":"Beckemeyer, R. 2002b. Some Odonata records from the Oxley Nature Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Argia 14(3): 12-13.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beckemeyer","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02BEC03EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:31:15.008634Z"},{"id":111424,"citation":"Beckemeyer, R.J. and D.G. Huggins. 1997. Checklist of Kansas Dragonflies. The Kansas School Naturalist 43(2):3-15.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beckemeyer and Huggins","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97BEC01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:29:13.632132Z"},{"id":157200,"citation":"Behrstock, B. and S. Prasad. 2002. Odonate species observed at Ft. Clark Springs, Brackettrville, Kinney Co., TX: 7/8 Sept. 2001. Argia, 13(4): 8-9.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behrstock and Prasad","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02BEH01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:51.443086Z"},{"id":105776,"citation":"Biggs, K. 2000. Common Dragonflies of California. Azalea Creek Publishing: Sebastopol, California. 96 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Biggs","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00BIG01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:03.007587Z"},{"id":820039,"citation":"Blust, M., and B. Pfeiffer. 2015. The Odonata of Vermont. 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This is the only darner that often lays eggs in tandem (Abbott, 2005); the female suberges her abdomen and oviposits in aquatic and emergent vegetation (Nikula et al., 2003).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"This species inhabits a wide variety of wetlands, including well-vegetated permanent and temporary ponds and lakes. It also occurs in slow-flowing streams with emergent vegetation (Abbott, 2005; 2007).","generalDescription":"The male thorax is bright green without distinctive markings; abdomen is blue (becoming purple when cool), brightest at the base, with dark dorsal stripe that broadens distally.  Eyes are dull greenish-yellow to brown.  The species exhibits a \"bulls-eye\" pattern on the \"forehead\" region.  The female thorax is green, often grayish-green on the sides; abdomen rusty brown to purple, with dark dorsal stripes.  Eyes are brown.  Wings in both sexes have yellow leading edges and are often tinted with amber, especially in females.  Immatures are reddish on the abdomen and can be confused with comet darner, <i>Anax longipes</i>, but are smaller, duller, and have the \"bulls-eye\" pattern on the \"forehead\" (Nikula et al., 2003).<br><br>The face is pale green with a distinct black spot on the top of the frons bordered anteriorly by a blue semicircle congering the impression of a bulls eyes. The thorax is green with brown only lightly represented on the lateral sutures. The wings are clear with a yellow costa. The abdomen is mostly blue, with green on segment 1 in males and greenish-brown or reddish-brown throughout in females. 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The abdomen is mostly blue, with green on segment 1 in males, and greenish brown or reddish brown throughout in females.  The brown superior caudal appendages in the male are long, about the length of segments 9 and 10 combined.\"","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-108722,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-108723,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-103865,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagPalusHabId":-103866,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"SCRUB-SHRUB WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL DE MATORRALES","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"FRUTICÉE HUMIDE","displayOrder":3}},{"cagPalusHabId":-103867,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":4,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"FORESTED WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL BOSCOSO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE FORESTIÈRE","displayOrder":4}},{"cagPalusHabId":-103868,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":5,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Bog/fen","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Pantanoso","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Tourbière oligotrophe/marais","displayOrder":5}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-101302,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101661,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1100913,"citation":"Paulson, D.R., and S.W. 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