{"elementGlobalId":115572,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":4,"iucnDescEn":"Endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","iucnDescFr":"En voie de disparition","iucnCode":"EN"},"nameCategory":{"id":2,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Invertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal invertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal invertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Margaritifera margaritifera</i>","scientificName":"Margaritifera margaritifera","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Pearlshell","relatedItisNames":"<i>Margaritifera margaritifera</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN 80371)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.115572","elcode":"IMBIV27030","conceptRefFullCitation":"Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, P. M. Mikkelsen, R. J. Neves, C. F. E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F. G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J. D. Williams. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks. 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland. 526 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Margaritifera margaritifera</i>","taxonomicComments":"The family Margaritiferidae is recognized based on the recent work of Smith (1986) and Smith and Wall (1984). The monotypic genus <i>Cumberlandia </i>has generally has been classified in the family Margaritiferidae; however, preliminary analyses of electrophoretic data led Davis and Fuller (1981) to lump the margaritiferids with the Unionidae. Smith and Wall (1984) reinstated the Margaritiferidae to familial rank following and extensive examination and analysis of morphological characters. Some anatomical data on stomach anatomy (Smith, 1986) indicates <i>Cumberlandia </i>may require reduction to subgeneric level. This is supported by Davis and Fuller (1981), Ziuganov et al. (1994), Smith (2001), and Huff et al. (2004). Smith (2001) analyzied the taxonomic placement of the margaritiferid genera, recognizing <i>Pseudunio</i>, <i>Margaritifera</i>, and <i>Margaritinopsis </i>as valid based largely on morpological characters; with <i>Margaritifera margaritifera</i> the only species in the genus <i>Margaritifera</i>. Contrary to Smith (2001), Huff et al. (2004) investigated phylogenetic relationships using sequence data from five molecular markers and concluded recognition of of at least<i> Margaritifera margaritifera</i>, <i>Margaritifera laevis</i>, <i>Margaritifera falcata</i>, and <i>Margaritifera auricularia</i> with the following relationships: <i>Cumberlandia </i>+ <i>Margaritifera auricularia</i>; <i>Margaritifera falcata</i> (<i>Margaritifera marrianae</i> + <i>Margaritifera laevis</i>); and to a lesser degree <i>Dahurinaia dahurica</i> + <i>Margaritifera margaritifera</i>. More recently, to monophyletic clades have been identified within Margaritiferidae based on COI data: one including <i>M. margaritifera</i>, <i>M. dahurica</i>, <i>M. falcata</i>, and <i>M. laevis</i>; and a second comprising <i>M. auricularia</i> and <i>M. marocana</i> (Araujo et al., 2009).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-06-24","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Morrison M. (1998); rev. Cordeiro J. (2011); rev. T. 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to several threats and its sensitivity to habitat degradation, populations of this species have suffered significant declines across Europe, including several national extirpations; however, populations have been more stable in North America, it continues to occupy a large range, and it has been documented increasingly in recent years.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":115572,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":12,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":33,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to Relatively Stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is holarctic and occurs in Canada from Labrador and Quebec south to Nova Scotia, in the United States in New England south to Pennsylvania, in northern Russia, and in Europe from Fennoscandia south to the Iberian peninsula and east to Austria (GBIF 2024; InvertEBase 2024).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is known from at least approximately 352 occurrences using a 2 km separation distance and records from 1993-2024 (GBIF 2024; InvertEBase 2024).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species is threatened by sedimentation and nutrient pollution due to agriculture, industrial activities, and urbanization, increases in temperature and flooding due to climate change, and modification of river beds for drainage and flow regulation schemes and fisheries management (Cosgrove et al. 2000; Young et al. 2000; Hastie et al. 2003; New York Natural Heritage Program 2020).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is long-lived and does not reach sexual maturity until at least 7 years of age, thus some populations could still be declining due to the lack of recruitment or new surveys to detect population changes as well as relatively recent documentation of declines, but other populations are considered currently stable or increasing and there has been no range contraction or reduction in occurrences, which have increased from 1994-2024 (Geist 2010; New York Natural Heritage Program 2020; GBIF 2024; InvertEBase 2024).","longTermTrendComments":"European populations of this species had declined by an estimated 90% by the 1990s and the species was thought to be extirpated in Portugal, Denmark, and Belgium and scarce in Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the UK, Ireland, and Russia (Wells et. al. 1983; Bauer 1988; Young et al. 2001; Geist 2010). Population declines also occurred in North America but to a lesser extent, as populations declined and then stabilized in New England (Young et al. 2001; Araujo and Ramos 2001).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Because this species is extremely long-lived (over 100 years), populations can effectively be functionally extinct if they are either not reproducing or host fish are not present; there is a lack of reproduction in European populations over the past 30-50 years leading to fragmentation and isolation of otherwise healthy populations (Geist 2010). However, this species also has high fecundity so great recovery potential (Geist 2010).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Typically, this species is intolerant of eutrophication and prefers flowing cool water with low calcium levels (Bauer 1988; Buddensiek 1995)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":115572,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Adult mussels are filter feeders that consume phyto and zooplankton, bacteria, and detritus suspended in the water column (Vaughn 2018). Larvae (glochidia) of freshwater mussels are generally parasitic on fish and display varying degrees of host specificity, known host fish for this species in Europe are the huchen (<i>Hucho hucho</i>), brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>), Eurasian dace (<i>Phoxinus phoxinus phoxinus</i>), and Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) (Bauer 1987; Harms 1907). Additional hosts in the United States include the cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarki</i>), coho salmon (<i>Oncorynchus kisutch</i>), sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>), chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>), brook trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) (Bauer 1987; Karna and Millemann 1978; Meyers and Millemann 1977; Wells et. al. 1983; Young et al. 1987; Young and Williams 1984; Skinner et al. 2003).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":112973,"foodHabits":{"id":8,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Detritivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Detritívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Détritivore","displayOrder":9},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":112975,"foodHabits":{"id":11,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Parasitic","foodHabitsDescEs":"Parásitario","foodHabitsDescFr":"Parasitaire","displayOrder":12},"adult":false,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":112974,"foodHabits":{"id":14,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Planktivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Planctívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Planctonivore","displayOrder":13},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1079,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Freshwater Mussels","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i.e., soft tissue still attached and/or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. Weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. Evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i.e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc.) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information.","mappingGuidance":"Based on the separation distances outlined herein, for freshwater mussels in STANDING WATER (or backwater areas of flowing water such as oxbows and sloughs), all standing water bodies with either (1) greater than 2 km linear distance of unsuitable habitat between (i.e. lotic connections), or (2) more than 10 km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat (including lentic shoreline, linear distance across water bodies, and lentic water bodies with proper lotic connections), are considered separate element occurrences. Only the largest standing water bodies (with 20 km linear shoreline or greater) may have greater than one element occurrence within each. Multiple collection or observation locations in one lake, for example, would only constitute multiple occurrences in the largest lakes, and only then if there was some likelihood that unsurveyed areas between collections did not contain the element.<br/><br/>For freshwater mussels in FLOWING WATER conditions, occurrences are separated by a distance of more than 2 stream km of unsuitable habitat, or a distance of more than 10 stream km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat. Standing water between occurrences is considered suitable habitat when calculating separation distance for flowing water mussel species unless dispersal barriers (see Separation Barriers) are in place.<br/><br/>Several mussel species in North America occur in both standing and flowing water (see Specs Notes). Calculation of separation distance and determination of separation barriers for these taxa should take into account the environment in which the element was collected. Juvenile mussels do not follow this pattern and juveniles are typically missed by most standard sampling methods (Hastie and Cosgrove, 2002; Neves and Widlak, 1987), therefore juvenile movement is not considered when calculating separation distance.","separationBarriers":"Separation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance (see Separation Distance-suitable, below). Separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections, natural barriers such as upland habitat, absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts, water depth greater than 10 meters (Cvancara, 1972; Moyle and Bacon, 1969) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"None","separationJustification":"Adult freshwater mussels are largely sedentary spending their entire lives very near to the place where they first successfully settled (Coker et al., 1921; Watters, 1992). Strayer (1999) demonstrated in field trials that mussels in streams occur chiefly in flow refuges, or relatively stable areas that displayed little movement of particles during flood events. Flow refuges conceivably allow relatively immobile mussels to remain in the same general location throughout their entire lives. Movement occurs with the impetus of some stimulus (nearby water disturbance, physical removal from the water such as during collection, exposure conditions during low water, seasonal temperature change or associated diurnal cycles) and during spawning. Movement is confined to either vertical movement burrowing deeper into sediments though rarely completely beneath the surface, or horizontal movement in a distinct path often away from the area of stimulus. Vertical movement is generally seasonal with rapid descent into the sediment in autumn and gradual reappearance at the surface during spring (Amyot and Downing, 1991; 1997). Horizontal movement is generally on the order of a few meters at most and is associated with day length and during times of spawning (Amyot and Downing, 1997). Such locomotion plays little, if any, part in the distribution of freshwater mussels as these limited movements are not dispersal mechanisms. Dispersal patterns are largely speculative but have been attributed to stream size and surface geology (Strayer, 1983; Strayer and Ralley, 1993; van der Schalie, 1938), utilization of flow refuges during flood stages (Strayer, 1999), and patterns of host fish distribution during spawning periods (Haag and Warren, 1998; Watters, 1992). Lee and DeAngelis (1997) modeled the dispersal of freshwater into unoccupied habitats as a traveling wave front with a velocity ranging from 0.87 to 2.47 km/year (depending on mussel life span) with increase in glochidial attachment rate to fish having no effect on wave velocity.<br/><br/>Nearly all mussels require a host or hosts during the parasitic larval portion of their life cycle. Hosts are usually fish, but a few exceptional species utilize amphibians as hosts (Van Snik Gray et al., 2002; Howard, 1915) or may metamorphose without a host (Allen, 1924; Barfield et al., 1998; Lefevre and Curtis, 1911; 1912). Haag and Warren (1998) found that densities of host generalist mussels (using a variety of hosts from many different families) and displaying host specialists (using a small number of hosts usually in the same family but mussel females have behavioral modifications to attract hosts to the gravid female) were independent of the densities of their hosts. Densities of non-displaying host specialist mussels (using a small number of hosts usually in the same family but without host-attracting behavior) were correlated positively with densities of their hosts. Upstream dispersal of host fish for non-displaying host specialist mussels could, theoretically, transport mussel larvae (glochidia) over long distances through unsuitable habitat, but it is unlikely that this occurs very often. D. Strayer (personal communication) suggested a distance of at least 10 km, but a greater distance between occurrences may be necessary to constitute genetic separation of populations. 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