{"elementGlobalId":115545,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":2,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Invertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal invertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal invertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Somatochlora hineana</i>","scientificName":"Somatochlora hineana","scientificNameAuthor":"Williamson, 1931","primaryCommonName":"Hine's Emerald","relatedItisNames":"<i>Somatochlora hineana</i> Williamson, 1931 (TSN 101968)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.115545","elcode":"IIODO32110","conceptRefFullCitation":"Paulson, D.R. and S.W. Dunkle. 1999. A checklist of North American Odonata. Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound Occasional Paper, 56: 86 pp. Available: http://www.ups.edu/x7015.xml.","conceptName":"<i>Somatochlora hineana</i>","taxonomicComments":"Note similarities in appearance and shared habitat with <i>Somatochlora tenebrosa</i> (Walker and Smentowsky, 2003). Genetic analysis of haplotype distribution in related <i>Somatochlora </i>species (<i>Somatochlora tenebrosa</i>, <i>Somatochlora linearis</i>, <i>Somatochlora ensignera</i>, <i>Somatochlora hineana</i>) revealed greater genetic diversity in the unglaciated portion of the species' range, and lower diversity in the northern glaciated portion (Purdue et al., 1999). Genetic analysis of varying populations is underway via non-lethal tissue sampling (Monroe et al., 2010).","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2011-09-01","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Cordeiro, J. (2011), Schweitzer, D.F.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":179205,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":402485,"subnation":{"id":57,"nameEn":"Wisconsin","nameEs":"Wisconsin","nameFr":"Wisconsin","subnationCode":"WI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":402485,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":638475,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":638475,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":402932,"subnation":{"id":42,"nameEn":"Ohio","nameEs":"Ohio","nameFr":"Ohio","subnationCode":"OH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":402932,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":357798,"subnation":{"id":20,"nameEn":"Indiana","nameEs":"Indiana","nameFr":"Indiana","subnationCode":"IN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":357798,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":371078,"subnation":{"id":28,"nameEn":"Michigan","nameEs":"Michigan","nameFr":"Michigan","subnationCode":"MI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":371078,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":335360,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":335360,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":331308,"subnation":{"id":30,"nameEn":"Missouri","nameEs":"Missouri","nameFr":"Missouri","subnationCode":"MO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":331308,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2004,"nrank":"N2N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":179205,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":802847,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":802848,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":802848,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2022,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":802847,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T22:11:19.514066Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.115545/Somatochlora_hineana","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1998-02-19","grankReviewDate":"2016-08-02","grankReasons":"Less than 50 estimated occurrences are known (some are not viable and several can be lumped into metapopulations); most of which are small and disjunct.  The species is extirpated in Ohio, Alabama, and Indiana; some other extant occurrences are threatened with habitat destruction or degradation.  Potential viability is poor or unclear for a substantial number of occurrences although populations are somewhat stable following federal listing and designation of critical habitat.","grank":"G2G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":115545,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":14,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 10 a 90","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":12,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Few (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Pocos (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Peu (de 4 à 12)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":13,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many (13-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Varias ocurrencias (13 a 40) adecuadamente protegidas y controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"Plusieurs occurrences (de 13 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":22,"rangeExtentDescEn":"1000-20,000 square km (about 400-8000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 1.000 a 20.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 400 a 8.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 1 000 à 20 000 km carrés (de 400 à 8 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This is primarily a species of the Great Lakes region that was originally only known from Ohio and Indiana (Bick, 1983), but additional investigations also found locations in Illinois, Wisconsin (Vogt and Cashatt, 1990; 1991; 1994), Michigan and Missouri (USFWS, 2001).  In the summer of 1997 it was found on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in Mackinac County and in 2007 it was found at a wetland complex in southern Ontario (Ontario CDC has details).  A single adult male has been reliably reported from Alabama.  Also, recently recorded from Missouri (Walker and Smentowsky, 2003) which suggests there may be more populations in the southern part of potential range. It is apparently extirpated from Indiana and Ohio (USFWS, 1995; 2001).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Probably &gt; 50 occurrences globally (Vogt, pers. comm. 1998). Currently known from 42 locations (not all viable): 9 in Illinois (Will, Cook, DuPage Cos.; most not viable), 20 in Wisconsin (Door, Kewaunee, Ozaukee Cos.), 10 in Michigan (Mackinac, Presque Isle, Alpena Cos.), and at least 3 sites in Missouri (Reynolds, Iron Cos.) (USFWS, 2001). It has been searched for intensively in Illinois and Wisconsin. In addition, there are four historic occurrences in Ohio, one in Indiana, and one in Alabama (USFWS, 2001).  The first Canadian occurrence was documented in 2007 in Simcoe County, Ontario (Colin Jones, ON CDC, pers. comm., July 2007).","popSizeComments":"Based on mark recapture work in Illinois and Wisconsin, probably &gt; 30,000 individuals globally; 20,000 of these may occur in Door County, Wisconsin (Vogt, pers. comm. 1998).  The River South Parcel and Lockport Prairie Nature Preserve support the largest populations in Illinois with populations at the remaining sites relatively low (USFWS, 2001).  The Ridges Sanctuary supports the largest adult population in Wisconsin with Mud Lake \"North\" and Three Springs Creek ranking second and third (USFWS, 2001).  Michigan and Missouri population sizes were not ranked at the time of the recovery plan (USFWS, 2001).","viabilityComments":"All five Illinois occurrences are critically imperiled with two sites with only a few individuals; one of the five Wisconsin occurrences is threatened; but has turned up in several new locations - never in great abundance (USFWS, 2001) with two of the others maintaining decent populations and the other with poor viability; population size has not been estimated for Michigan or Missouri (USFWS, 2001).  The Illinois population contains the highest genetic diversity, as measured by number of haplotypes; and the Wisconsin and Michigan populations are composed entirely of a seventh haplotype not found in Illinois (Purdue et al., 1996).  The Alabama haplotype is indistinguishable from that from Wisconsin and Michigan; Ohio population shares genetic diversity with Illinois Wisconsin, and Michigan; populations in Missouri and southern Wisconsin each represent an additional unique haplotype (Purdue et al., 1996; USFWS, 2001).","threatImpactComments":"Extant occurrences are threatened by the following activities: petroleum refineries and other heavy industry, a proposed highway project, quarrying, urban non-point water pollution, and ATV use in Illinois; agricultural non-point water pollution (surface and groundwater) and recreational development in Wisconsin.  Most significant threats are habitat/alteration/destruction plus fragmentation from development of commercial and residential areas, quarrying, creating landfills, constructing pipelines, and filling of wetlands.  Habitats are often closely associated with surface dolomite deposits which are often quarried.  Changes in surface or subsurface hydrology has the potential to reduce suitable breeding habitat.  Contamination from landfills (including leaching) and chemical fertilizer and pesticide application is a past and potential future threat.  Secondary threats include off-road and highway vehicle mortality and associated mortality from roadway development as well as predation (probably minimal) (USFWS, 2001).  The known breeding sites in Illinois occur along the Des Plaines River floodplain, which has been fragmented by industrial and urban development (Cashatt, 1991).  In Wisconsin, land development for agriculture, light industry, and tourism are principal threats (Vogt and Cashatt, 1990).  Off-road vehicle use and possible logging, creation of water impoundments, real estate development, road development and maintenance, pipeline construction, and changes in hydrology are potential threats in Michigan (Steffens, 1997).","shortTermTrendComments":"The species is stable in the short term (USFWS, 2010).","longTermTrendComments":"It is apparently extirpated from Ohio (3 former sites in Lucas, Logan, Williams Cos.), Indiana (one former site in Lake Co.), and Alabama (only known from one specimen in Jackson Co.) and obviously has lost a lot of habitat and populations elsewhere (USFWS, 2001).","inventoryNeeds":"Monitor extant populations, manage habitat, monitor water quality.  Conduct searches for additional populations of larval habitat within existing sites, and for adults in Michigan, Alabama, Missouri, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, New York, Maine, Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Minnesota, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Canada.","numberProtEosComments":"Eight known extant sites are designated as nature preserves (public or private). However, because of adjacent heavy industry all five Illinois preserves (occurrences) are imperiled.  The species was listed as federally endangered in January 1995 (USFWS, 2001) and state endangered in Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, Michigan, and Ohio.  Approximately 26,500 acres (37 units) have been designated as Critical Habitat in Cook, DuPage, and Will Cos., Illinois; Alpena, Mackinac, and Presque Isle Cos., Michigan; Crawford, Dent, Iron, Phelps, Reynolds, Ripley, Washington, and Wayne Cos., Missouri; and Door and Ozaukee Cos., Wisconsin in 2010 (USFWS, 2010).","protectionNeeds":"Purchase unprotected tracts in Wisconsin.  Recovery plan has been drafted (USFWS, 2001). Manage habitat in Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Missouri.  Develop an educational program.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"The once widespread distribution of this species to disjunct populations, many with unique or unshared haplotypes, indicates individuals do not disperse between populations and loss of genetic variability from unique populations is more susceptible (USFWS, 2001).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"The fen-like communities are somewhat fragile and are sensitive to changes in underlying hydrology.  Apparently, populations may depend on crayfish borrows during drought periods to survive desiccation (Soluk et al., 1998).  No study has found specific water chemistry parameters for occupied sites (USFWS, 2001)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":115545,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"It is assumed that dispersal between populations on the order of 10 km apart would be feasible for this species, but populations separated by a distance of >50 km would not have frequent exchange of individuals (USFWS, 2001).  Distance traveled during dispersal events ranged from 3.3 km to 5.4 km, often through dispersal corridors (see Cashatt and Vogt, 1996).  Reproductive adults have excellent vision and establish breeding sites and territories, using these areas to mate and oviposit.  Adult males defend small breeding territories, pursuing and mating with females who enter.  Males start patrolling territories 7 to 10 days after emergence.  Foraging flights for reproductive adults may be 1 to 2 km from breeding sites and can last 15 to 30 minutes (Cashatt et al., 1991).  Male territorial patrols are concentrated near aquatic habitats and encompass a range 2-4 m in length with flight height 0.5-2.0 m (Vogt and Cashatt, 1994).","foodHabitsComments":"Adults are general predators, feeding on insects they can capture while flying.  Larvae are sit and wait predators and are more active at night.  Larvae feed on oligochaetes and larval mayflies and caddisflies (USFWS, 2001).  As the larva grows, it feeds on prey items of increasingly larger size.  In Illinois and Wisconsin, adults were observed from 30 May to 8 September and from 27 June to 23 August, respectively; with adults feeding on small dipterans at times in crepuscular feeding swarms (40-50 individuals) (Vogt and Cashatt, 1994).","animalPhenologyComments":"Adults are active during daylight hours while larvae are active at night (Soluk et al., 1998).  Larvae overwinter, with flight season early June to early July.  Pre-reproductive adults may fly 1 to 3 km from emergence sites.  Reproductive adults establish breeding sites and territories, using these areas to mate and oviposit.  Males start patrolling territories 7 to 10 days after emergence.  Foraging flights for reproductive adults may be 1 to 2 km (USFWS, 2001).  Vogt and Cashatt (1994) observed male territorial patrols covering a range of 2-4 m at height 0.5-2.0 m.<br><br>Larvae may become less active or crawl into tight spaces (i.e. crayfish burrows) during cooler water temperatures in late fall to early spring (Soluk et al., 1998).  Similarly, larvae can withstand drought during these times by crawling under objects for protection in small streamlets when they dry up; enabling them to survive short-term drought conditions (Soluk et al., 1998).<br><br>Nymphs live in water for 2 to 4 years then crawl out and shed for a final time, emerging as a flying adult that lives only 4 to 5 weeks (Soluk et al., 1996; Vogt and Cashatt, 1994).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":6,"width":9,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100078,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103281,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":100159,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1171,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Pond-Breeding Odonates","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"The few studies determining area of adult foraging habitat surrounding breeding sites have indicated a range of 30 meters to 300 meters [see Briggs (1993) for <i>Enallagma laterale</i>; Corbet (1999) for <i>Nesciothemis nigeriensis</i> and <i>Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis</i>; Beukeman (2002) for <i>Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis</i>; and Samways and Steytler (1996) for <i>Chorolestes tessalatus</i>].  As a result, an element occurrence should include the breeding site and surrounding pond or upland habitat extending 500 m in a radius from the breeding site.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens ideally with evidence of on-site breeding (teneral adults, mating pairs, territorial males, ovipositing females, larvae, or exuviae) at a given location with potential breeding habitat.  Although oviposition may not necessarily yield progeny that survive to adulthood (Fincke, 1992) and movements resembling oviposition may not necessarily result in egg deposition (Okazawa and Ubukata, 1978; Martens, 1992; 1994), presence of on-site oviposition is here accepted as an indicator of a minimum element occurrence because the time and effort involved in determining success of emergence is beyond the scope of the general survey.  As adults of some species might disperse moderate distances (see below), only sites with available larval habitat can be considered appropriate for a minimum occurrence.  Single, non-breeding adults captured away from potential suitable breeding habitat should not be treated as element occurrences.  Evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i.e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc.) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information.  A photograph may be accepted as documentation of an element occurrence for adults only (nymphs and subimagos are too difficult to identify in this manner) provided that the photograph shows diagnostic features that clearly delineate the species from other species with similar features.  Sight records, though valuable, should not be accepted as the basis for new element occurrences.  Instead, such records should be utilized to further study an area to verify the element occurrence in that area.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Within catchments there are likely no significant barriers to movement of sexually mature adults between microhabitats, with even extensive sections of inappropriate waterway or major obstructions to flow being readily traversed by adults within the flight season.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":3.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Adults odonates are known to wander, some over great distances (not so for damselflies). Mass migration over great distances is not herein considered when drafting separation distances as such behavior is limited to few species (e.g. <i>Anax junius</i>, <i>Libellula quadrimaculata</i>, other <i>Libellula</i> spp., <i>Sympetrum</i> spp.), occurs unpredictably and infrequently (10 year cycles for <i>L. quadrimaculata</i>), are unidirectional or intergenerational (Freeland et al., 2003), or occurs under unusual circumstances such as irritation by trematode parasites (Dumont and Hinnekint, 1973) or major weather events (Moskowitz et al., 2001; Russell et al., 1998).<br><br>Corbet (1999) estimated average distance traveled for a commuting flight (between reproductive and foraging sites) to be less than 200 m but sometimes greater than one km.  Pond-breeding odonates may wander but generally stay within a few km of their emergence pond.  At the species level, overall range (and dispsersal capability) tends to be larger than for lotic species possibly in response to greater instability of lentic versus lotic habitat over time (Hof et al., 2006). Distribution is often limited in response to presence or absence of predators (also dependent on habitat permanence) (McPeek, 1989; Stoks and McPeek, 2003a; 2003b). At night and during inclement weather, adult <i>Procordulia grayi</i> roosted at least one km away from the reproductive site (Rowe, 1987).  Conrad et al. (1999) listed maximum dispersal distance of <i>Sympetrum sanguieneum</i> at 1.2 km but at 800 m or less with high dispersal rate between ponds for other species (<i>Ischnura elegans</i>, <i>Coenagrion puella</i>, <i>C. pulchellum</i>, <i>Lestes sponsa</i>, <i>Enallagma cyathigerum</i>, and <i>Pyrrhosoma nymphalis</i>).  Michiels and Dhondt (1991) cited dispersal distance of <i>Sympetrum donae</i> in Belgium at greater than 1.75 km and most mature adults immigrated away from the emergence site.  Moore (1986) cited several species of <i>Enallagma</i> as dispersing 2.7 km and found no colonization of artificial acid water ponds in eastern England constructed at least 5 km from colonized natural ponds in 12 consecutive years (single introduced population of <i>Ceriagrion tenellum</i> not surviving past the second generation). Purse et al. (2003) found mature adults of the rare European damselfly, <i>Coenagrion mercuriale</i>, had a low rate of movement within continuous habitat (< 25 m), low emigration rates (1.3 to 11.4%), and low colonization distances (max. 1 km), comparable to other similarly sized coenagrionids.<br><br>Even within genera, however, differences in dispersal patterns may exist.  McPeek (1989) found the mechanisms causing <i>Enallagma</i> movements between Michigan lakes were due to propensity to leave natal lakes, not active selection of different habitats (e.g. lakes with fish, without fish, or winterkill lakes with fish part-year).  With the exception of winterkill lake species (<i>Enallagma ebrium</i>), species in lakes with fish (<i>E. geminatum</i>, <i>E. hageni</i>) and fishless lake species (<i>E. boreale</i>, <i>E. cyathigerum</i>), moved little or not at all away from natal lakes; even those less than 10 m apart. Natural selection may favor remaining at natal lakes where ecological conditions are constant and dispersal costs (i.e. mortality) high (McPeek, 1989).  Uncharacteristic movement of <i>E. ebrium</i> away from natal lakes is explained by recolonization of lakes in which populations have been reduced or eliminated and reproducing when winterkill of fish populations changes a lake to the fishless condition.<br><br>Considering the above tendency for pond breeding odonates to remain at or near (order of hundreds of meters) natal emergence sites, separation distance has been set at 3 km.","versionDate":"2007-02-12","versionAuthor":"Cordeiro, J.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:29:22.448401Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":115545,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Management needs should focus on enhanced habitat protection and management mechanisms, including watershed protection, deed restrictions, land acquisition, and nature preserve dedication, as well as protecting the up gradient groundwatershed (USFWS, 2001).  In addition, conduct searches for new Hine's emerald populations and implement informational and educational programs as well as reintroduction and augmentation programs (USFWS, 2001).  Recovery criteria: (1) Each of the two Recovery Units contains a minimum of two populations, each composed of at least three subpopulations. Each subpopulation contains a minimum of 500 sexually mature adults for 10 consecutive years. (2) Within each subpopulation, there are at least two breeding habitat areas, each fed by separate seeps and/or springs. (3) For each subpopulation, the habitat supporting at least two subpopulations should be legally or formally protected and managed for Hine's emerald dragonfly, using long-term protection mechanisms such as watershed protection, deed restrictions, land acquisition, or nature preserve dedication.  In addition, mechanisms protecting the up gradient groundwatershed should also be in place. (4) A monitoring plan must be established for each population within 5 years to estimate population size on an annual basis for the purpose of determining whether recovery criteria have been achieved.  Criteria for Delisting: (1) Each of the two Recovery Units contains a minimum of three populations composed of at least three subpopulations.  Each subpopulation contains a minimum of 500 reproductive adults for 10 consecutive years.  (2) Within each subpopulation, there are at least two breeding areas, each fed by separate seeps and/or springs.  (3) For each subpopulation, the habitat supporting at least three subpopulations should be legally or formally protected and managed for Hine's emerald dragonfly, using long-term protection mechanisms such as watershed protection, deed restrictions, land acquisition, or nature preserve dedication.  In addition, mechanisms protecting the up gradient groundwatershed will also be in place within 5 years.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"Estimates of larval population density using exuvial datga were similar to those obtained through intensive direct sampling for larvae.  Exuvial collections provide a reliable estimate of larval population density, help link larval ecology to adult ecology and are a useful tool for assessing habitat suitability (Foster and Soluk, 2004).","managementProgramContacts":"In Illinois, Commonwealth Edison, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the FWS Chicago Field Office, worked together to avoid contaminating the wetland habitat (for the largest breeding populations) during the upgrade of an existing railroad. They opted for steel ties as an alternative to creosote-treated ties. As a result of this collaboration, a Right-of-Way Management Team has formed to simultaneously meet the habitat needs of the dragonfly and the right-of-way needs for the railroad coal transport (USFWS, End. Sp. Tech. Bull., 21[2], 1997).","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Conduct studies on population ecology, monitoring synthesis, hydrologic studies, genetics.  Develop captive rearing and reintroduction protocols.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":116662,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:56:05.489628Z"}],"references":[{"id":149995,"citation":"Bick, G.H. 1983. Odonata at risk in conterminous United States and Canada. 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Description of the larva of <i>Somatochlora hineana</i> with a key to the larvae of the North American species of <i>Somatochlora </i>(Odonata: Corduliidae). International Journal of Odonatology 4(2):93-105.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crashatt and Vogt","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01CAS02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":671856,"citation":"Cashatt, E.D., B.G. Sims, and J.R. Wiker. 1991. Survey for the Hine's emerald dragonfly along the FAP-340 corridor near the Des Plaines River at the Will/Cook County border. Unpublished report, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois. 11 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cashatt et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"U91CAS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":120029,"citation":"Curry, J.R. 2001. Dragonflies of Indiana. Everbest Printing, Ltd.: China. xiv + 303 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Curry","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01CUR01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":341607,"citation":"Foster, S.E. and D.A. Soluk. 2004. Evaluating exuvia collection as a management tool for the federally endangered Hine's emerald dragonfly, <i>Somatochlora hineana</i> Williamson (Odonata: Cordulidae). Biological Conservation 118:15-20.","shortCitationAuthor":"Foster and Soluk","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04FOS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":757662,"citation":"Foster, S.E. and D.A. Soluk. 2006. Protecting more than the wetland: the importance of biased sex ratios and habitat segregation for conservation of the Hine's emerald dragonfly, <i>Somatochlora hineana</i> Williamson. Biological Conservation 127:158-166.","shortCitationAuthor":"Foster and Soluk","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06FOS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.155614Z"},{"id":125717,"citation":"Glotzhober, R.C. and D. McShaffrey (eds.). 2002. The dragonflies and damselflies of Ohio. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, New Series 14(2):1-364.","shortCitationAuthor":"Glotzhober and McShaffrey","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02GLO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:30:00.773321Z"},{"id":643109,"citation":"Mead, K. 2003. Dragonflies of the North Woods. Kollath-Stensaas Publishing, Duluth, Minnesota. 203 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mead","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03MEA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:57.80285Z"},{"id":671854,"citation":"Mierzwa, K.S. (eds.). 1995. The Hine's emerald dragonfly in Illinois: An assessment of population dynamics and habitat use. TAMS Consultants: Chicago, Illinois. 105 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mierzwa","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"R95MIE01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":671869,"citation":"Monroe, E., C. Lynch, D. Soluk, and H. Britten. 2010. Nonlethal tissue sampling techniques and microsatellite markers used for first report of genetic diversity in two populations of the endangered <i>Somatochlora hineana</i> (Odonata: Corduliidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103(6):1012-1017 ","shortCitationAuthor":"Monroe et al.","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10MON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.155614Z"},{"id":141633,"citation":"Needham, J.G. and M.J. Westfall, Jr. 1954. A Manual of the Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). 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Variability of the mitochondrial DNA in populations of the Hine's emerald dragonfly, <i>Somatochlora hineana</i>. Report to Material Service Corporation, Illinois State Museum, Champaign, Illinois. 24 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Purdue et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"R96PUR01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.155614Z"},{"id":671855,"citation":"Soluk, D.A., B.J. Swisher, and D.S. Zercher. 1996. The ecology of Hine's emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana): Monitoring populations and determining patterns of habitat use in the Des Plaines River valley. Activity and summary report of preliminary results (January-August 1996). Illinois Natural History Survey: Champaign, Illinois. 35 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Soluk et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"R96SOL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":671928,"citation":"Soluk, D.A, H. Britten, K. Kissane, C.D. Satyshur, J. Holmes, E. Blas and C. Lynch. 2007. Evaluation of the potential impacts of the I355 extension on the ecology, behavior,population genetics and distribution of the endangered Hine's emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana) in the Des Plaines River Valley. Report of Activities 2006. Submitted to: Illinois State Toll Highway Authority, January 2007. Online. Available: www.fws.gov/filedownloads/ftp_HED/New%20HED%20Lit%20for%20HCP/Soluk%20et%20al%202010_Evltn_impacts_I355_extension.pdf..","shortCitationAuthor":"Soluk et al.","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"R07SOL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":671851,"citation":"Steffens, W.P. 1997. 1997 Hine's emerald (<i>Somatochlora hineana</i> Williamson) surveys in Michigan's upper peninsula. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 17 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Steffens","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"N97STE01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":123319,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1995. Determination of endangered status for the Hine's Emerald Dragonfly (<i>Somatochlora hineana</i>). Final Rule. Federal Register 60(17):5267-5272.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"N95FWS05EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.155614Z"},{"id":157996,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2001. Hine's emerald dragonfly (<i>Somatochlora hineana</i>) recovery plan. USFWS Great Lakes-Big Rivers Region: Fort Snelling, Minnesota. 120 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"N01FWS08EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":671850,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2010. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final revised Critical Habitat for Hine's emerald dragonfly (<i>Somatochlora hineana</i>); Final rule. 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Report prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Illinois State Museum: Springfield, Illinois. 14 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt and Cashatt","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"U90VOG01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":155689,"citation":"Vogt, T.E. and E.D. Cashatt. 1991. The Wisconsin 1991 status survey for the Hine's emerald dragonfly <i>Somatochlora hineana </i>Williamson). Report submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt and Cashatt","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"U91VOG01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":155541,"citation":"Vogt, T.E. and E.D. Cashatt. 1994. Distribution, habitat and field biology of <i>Somatochlora hineana </i>(Odonata: Corduliidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87(5):599-603.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt and Cashatt","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94VOG01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":328858,"citation":"Walker, J. and J. Smentowsky. 2003. <i>Tachopteryx thoreyi </i>(Hagen), <i>Somatochlora tenebrosa</i> (Say) and <i>S. hineana</i> Williamson- observations from Missouri. Argia 15(1):6-11.","shortCitationAuthor":"Walker and Smentowsky","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03WAL02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"},{"id":124652,"citation":"Wells, S.M., R.M. Pyle, and N.M. Collins. 1983. The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 632 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wells et al.","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83WEL01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T16:35:51.904279Z"},{"id":136875,"citation":"Williamson, E.B. 1931. A new North American <i>Somatochlora</i> (Odonata-Cordulinae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 225:1-8.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williamson","shortCitationYear":1931,"referenceCode":"A31WIL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:55:03.140259Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136672,"name":"Cordulie de Hine","language":"FR"},{"id":145312,"name":"Hine's emerald","language":"EN"},{"id":119493,"name":"Hine's Emerald Dragonfly","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":115545,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":3,"cosewicDescEn":"Endangered","cosewicDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","cosewicDescFr":"En voie de disparition","cosewicCode":"E"},"fwsRegion":{"id":3,"fwsRegionDescEn":"North Central","fwsRegionDescEs":"Norte Central","fwsRegionDescFr":"Centre-Nord"},"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":1,"usesaDescEn":"Endangered","usesaDescEs":"Catalogado como en peligro de extinción","usesaDescFr":"En voie de disparition","usesaCode":"E"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":57,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Insects - Damselflies and Dragonflies","level3":"Dragonflies and Damselflies","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":56,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":3510},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","taxclass":"Insecta","taxorder":"Odonata","family":"Corduliidae","genus":"Somatochlora","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":"Endangered/En voie de disparition","saraStatusDate":"2017-06-02","cosewicDate":"2011-05-06","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for designation: This dragonfly, which is rare throughout its range, is known from only one Canadian location where habitat decline is considered likely due to urban development and invasive species.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Endangered in May 2011.","usesaDate":"1995-01-26","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Invertebrates","caGeneralStatusId":"GS011437"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":115545,"reproductionComments":"Females most likely lay more than 500 eggs during their lives.  After an egg is hatched, larvae spend 2 to 4 years in small streamlets, foraging and molting as they grow.  Larvae begin to emerge as adults possibly as early as late May in Illinois and late June in Wisconsin and continue to emerge throughout the summer.  Known flight season lasts up to early October in Illinois and to late August in Wisconsin.  Fully adult dragonflies can live at least 14 days and may live 4 to 6 weeks (Soluk et al., 1996: Mierzwa et al., 1995).  Copulating pairs have been observed from early June to late August in Illinois and from late July in Wisconsin.  Females oviposit by repeatedly dipping their abdomens up to 200 times in shallow water from June to late August in Illinois and early to late July in Wisconsin; usually in seepage marshes, seepage sedge meadows, sedge hummocks, muck along sluggish water, and in small muck-bottomed pools (see Vogt and Cashatt, 1994; Soluk et al., 1996; USFWS, 2001).","ecologyComments":"Larval individuals can occur in small clusters within their habitat and remain independent.  Larval individuals may overwinter in crayfish burrows.  Individuals are well adapted to survive drought conditions (USFWS, 2001).","habitatComments":"In Illinois and Wisconsin, adults of this species occurs in shallow, calcareous seepage marshes; or marshy margins of small, sluggish, calcareous streams overlaying dolomite bedrock (Vogt and Cashatt, 1994). The seepage marshes are often dominated by <i>Typha</i> spp. and can be broadly defined as fen or fen-like communities. Larval microhabitat in Wisconsin is in shallow seepage along the edges of sluggish streamlets that meander through dense cattail seepage marsh (exuviae usually attached to <i>Typha angustifolia</i>) (Vogt and Cashatt, 1994). The larvae also are able to use the wet burrows of the crayfish <i>Cambarus diogenes</i> during dry periods. The species lives in wetlands dominated by grass or grass-like plants that are groundwater fed and shallow.  Soil types range from organic muck to mineral soils like marl.  A nearby forest edge is also important (USFWS, 2001). Larval habitat may be important in determining distribution.","generalDescription":"It is a fairly large metallic brown dragonfly with 2 yellow stripes on each side of the thorax, and in life, bright green eyes. (Needham and Westfall, 1955; Williamson, 1931).  Adults have wings that are clear and may have an amber hue towards the base of the hind wings.  After emerging as an adult, the eyes are initially brown and turn emerald green within 1 to 3 days.  Toward the end of the adult life span, the wings may turn from clear to a slightly opaque, smoky color (USFWS, 2001).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Distinctive shapes of terminal appendages and ovipositors separate adults from other species.  The species is distinguished from all other <i>Somatochlora </i>by its dark metallic green thorax with two distinct, creamy-yellow lateral lines, and distinctly shaped male terminal appendage.  The wings are clear and may have an amber hue towards the base of the hind wings.  Other species of <i>Somatochlora </i>that occur in the same range that may be confused include <i>Somatochlora linearis</i>, <i>Somatochora tenebrosa</i>, <i>Somatochlora ensigera</i>, <i>Somatochlora elongata</i>, and <i>Somatochlora williamsoni</i>; but they are all distinguished by the shape of terminal appendages and ovipositors (USFWS, 2001).  Male cerci unique, bent downward at a right angle near the tip, the female ovipositor is a pointed trough extending at a 45 degree angle from the abdomen, and the female cerci are longer than abdominal segments 9+10.  Note similarities in appearance and shared habitat with <i>Somatochlora tenebrosa</i> (Walker and Smentowsky, 2003).<br><br><br>No one larval character has been found to easily and reliably differentiate larvae from <i>Somatochlora linearis, Somatochlora tenebrosa, Somatochlora ensigera, Somatochlora elongata, and Somatochlora williamsoni</i>. Most <i>Somatochlora hineana</i> larvae have a small middorsal hook on segment three, but <i>Somatochlora minor</i> does as well. The earliest instars of <i>S. hineana</i> larvae have fewer dorsal hooks than later instars (Zercher, 2001).  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