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Rare in southern Florida and in southern Gulf states. Also occurs in Africa, Eurasia, and Japan.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"None, widespread common economic pest.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":114893,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1166,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Pieridae, General","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"In practice most occurrences will occupy a few hundred hectares or less and in such cases the inferred extent is simply all available habitat. Exceptions are most likely to occur among woodland species such as <i>Anthocharis</i> for which foodplants are scattered more sparsely or patchily over large areas forcing at least females to move around a lot to find them. Use the 1 kilometer figure only with extensive habitat or proximate patches along a feature such as a ridgeline. As with most butterflies populations will usually occupy most of the potential habitat at least during good weather or favorable years. Beware though that in cold conditions at least Colias and presumably others concentrate in low, sheltered, sunny spots and appear more sedentary than they really are. Even the highly dispersive and somewhat migratory <i>Colias eurytheme</i> becomes intensely localized and sedentary in southern New Jersey from about mid November through February when sun angle is too low for the butterflies to reach optimum flight temperature even on warm days. Arctic and alpine species are also most active and dispersive on warm sunny days. It is unlikely that 1 kilometer will prove realistic except in arctic and alpine situations, for now there are insufficient observations to justify a larger figure.","minimumEoCriteria":"A location where the species occurs, or recently has occurred, where there is potential for continued occurrence or regular recurrence. Minimally a place with a verified collection or photograph or in exceptional cases a sight record from an expert in association with larval foodplants in suitable habitat. Verification standards may vary by species and location, for example there is only one species of <i>Anthocharis</i> in the entire east so sight records would be more reasonable to accept there than in some western regions.","mappingGuidance":"Usually, but not always habitat boundaries are discernable based on vegetation type or structure, but in some cases they will be defined more by distribution of the larval foodplant. Include adjacent nectaring areas as habitat. Consult the habitat and food comments fields for species-specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences.","separationBarriers":"Very little information. At least some species such as patrolling male <i>Colias</i> routinely recognize and stay within habitat boundaries, but during other circumstances they readily leave them and at least some open country species very readily fly over forests and through or over cities, for example <i>Colias philodice,</i> <i>C. eurytheme</i>, <i>Pieris rapae</i>, <i>P. protodice</i>.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":4.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"When dealing with multiple occurrences within the same large scale natural community such as COLIAS INTERIOR in openings in a large barrens complex, consider the occurrence a metapopulation and apply the suitable habitat distance. Also both distances may be lowered in very cold environments where sustained flight is almost always impossible except in highly sheltered warm microclimates. However do this very conservatively for suitable habitat distance since.","separationJustification":"These are strong flying dispersive to migratory species that easily travel several km per hour at least during warm sunny weather. Recall a meter per second, about right for the slowest species is 3.6 km per hour. While the species no doubt vary in their dispersive or colonial tendencies these figures seem reasonable in the absence of actual data. Both figures are arbitrary. <br /><br />For woodland or forest species use the ten kilometer distance when assessing multiple \"colonies\" on wooded ridges, or in large canyons etc. As with most Lepidoptera all contiguous suitable habitat is likely to be occupied to some degree so there is little chance two collections only ten kilometers apart across largely suitable habitat would really be separate occurrences.<br /><br />For species that routinely move along and into forest patches or through a dominant landscape feature that often has foodplants use the suitable habitat distance for marginal habitats. Likewise for feature adults like to follow such as forest edges for <i>Anthocharis midea</i> or edges, railroads and sand roads for some <i>Eurema</i>.","versionDate":"2001-09-14","versionAuthor":"Schweitzer, Dale F.","versionNotes":"Boreal forest or woodland <i>Pieris</i> of the napi complex are included for now but may need different element occurrence specifications (eo specs). The two which are reasonably well known are <i>P. oleracea</i> for which these eo specs should be suitable and <i>P. virginiensis</i> which needs and has its own eo specs.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:30:13.245888Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":114893,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":116035,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:54:24.925843Z"}],"references":[{"id":848441,"citation":"Gobeil, R.E., and R.M.F. Gobeil. 2014. A survey of butterflies found at a reclaimed municipal landfill superfund site in Saco, Maine (York County). News of the Lepidopterists' Society 56(4):160-165.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gobeil and Gobeil","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14GOB02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:28:49.303355Z"},{"id":157149,"citation":"Opler, P. A., and A. D. Warren. 2002. Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico. C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 79 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Opler and Warren","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02OPL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:46.974257Z"},{"id":630539,"citation":"Pelham, J. P. 2008. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. Volume 40. 658 pp. Revised 14 February, 2012.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pelham","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08PEL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:46.974257Z"},{"id":1124489,"citation":"Pelham, J.P. 2023. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada. Revised 15 February 2023. http://butterfliesofamerica.com/US-Can-Cat.htm","shortCitationAuthor":"Pelham","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"W23PEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2023-08-05T01:08:17.599645Z"},{"id":129837,"citation":"Robbins, R. K., and P. M. Henson. 1986. Why <i>Pieris rapae</i> is a better name than <i>Artogeia rapae</i> (Pieridae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 40(2):79-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Robbins and Henson","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"A86ROB01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:51:15.386742Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":206805,"name":"Piéride de la rave","language":"FR"},{"id":131815,"name":"Piéride du chou","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":114893,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":null,"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":44,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Insects - Butterflies and Moths","level3":"Butterflies","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":43,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":3310},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","taxclass":"Insecta","taxorder":"Lepidoptera","family":"Pieridae","genus":"Pieris","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":101232,"synonym":"Artogeia rapae","synonymAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758","formattedSynonym":"<i>Artogeia rapae</i>"},{"id":136082,"synonym":"Papilio rapae","synonymAuthor":"Linnaeus, 1758","formattedSynonym":"<i>Papilio rapae</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1162173,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1162173","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pieris rapae rapae</i>","scientificName":"Pieris rapae rapae","primaryCommonName":"Cabbage White","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1162173/Pieris_rapae_rapae"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Invertebrates","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000485"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":114893,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Mostly disturbed open areas but also invading natural situations. In wooded areas mostly in spring before the canopy closes but seems to be becoming more forest adapted as garlic mustard increases explosiovely in the East.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-100053,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100054,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100055,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100056,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100057,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100058,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100059,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100060,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100061,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100062,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":11,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Desert","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Desierto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Désert","displayOrder":13}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100063,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":12,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Alpine","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Alpino","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Alpin","displayOrder":14}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100064,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":16,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Sand/dune","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Arena/duna","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Dune","displayOrder":18}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100065,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":19,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cropland/hedgerow","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tierras cultivadas/cerco vivo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terre cultivée/haie","displayOrder":22}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100066,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":20,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Suburban/orchard","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Suburbano/ huertos","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Banlieusard/verger","displayOrder":23}},{"cagTerrHabId":-100067,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":21,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Urban/edificarian","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Urbano/edificado","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Urbain","displayOrder":24}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-100016,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagPalusHabId":-100017,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"SCRUB-SHRUB WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL DE MATORRALES","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"FRUTICÉE HUMIDE","displayOrder":3}},{"cagPalusHabId":-100018,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":5,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Bog/fen","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Pantanoso","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Tourbière oligotrophe/marais","displayOrder":5}},{"cagPalusHabId":-100019,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1124489,"citation":"Pelham, J.P. 2023. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada. Revised 15 February 2023. http://butterfliesofamerica.com/US-Can-Cat.htm","shortCitationAuthor":"Pelham","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"W23PEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2023-08-05T01:08:17.599645Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}