{"elementGlobalId":1146769,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus pyrrhus</i>","scientificName":"Crotalus pyrrhus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Cope, 1867 [1866])","primaryCommonName":"Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1146769","elcode":"ARADE02160","conceptRefFullCitation":"Meik J. M., J. W. Streicher, A. M. Lawing, O. Flores-Villela, and M. K. Fujita. 2015. Limitations of climatic data for inferring species boundaries: insights from speckled rattlesnakes. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0131435. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131435","conceptName":"<i>Crotalus pyrrhus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Meik et al. (2015), using multilocus sequence and phenotypic data, demonstrated that <i>Crotalus pyrrhus</i> is a species distinct from <i>C. mitchellii</i> of Baja California.<br /><br />The traditional view of rattlesnake taxonomy that recognizes the two monophyletic sister genera <i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g. Brattstrom 1964) has recently been challenged. Stille (1987) and McCranie (1988) presented data that suggested <i>Sistrurus </i>is not monophyletic and rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Parkinson (1999) found <i>Sistrurus </i>monophyletic but its position rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Knight et al. (1993) used mtDNA to defend the traditional generic taxonomy, but in order to do so ignored the most parsimonious tree. The genus <i>Crotalus </i>is monophyletic when including the Mexican <i>C. ravus</i> (Murphy et al. 2002), and is supported as such in most recent phylogenies, as well as being the sister taxon to a monophyletic <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g., Pyron et al. 2013) (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2021-08-18","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Ormes, M. (2021)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":894000,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":894001,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":894001,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":894003,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":894003,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":894002,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":894002,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":894004,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":894004,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":894000,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T01:03:51.573965Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1146769/Crotalus_pyrrhus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2021-08-18","grankReviewDate":"2021-08-18","grankReasons":"This species is widespread, common, known from many localities, and does not appear to be declining.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":1146769,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":37,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species ranges from the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, extending into the southwestern United States (southern California, southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southwestern Utah); also El Muerto and Smith Islands, Mexico, in the western Sea of Cortez (Meik and Babb 2020).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations) (e.g., see maps in Campbell and Lamar 2004, Holycross and Mitchell 2020).","popSizeComments":"Throughout its range, this species is relatively common in suitable habitat (Meik and Babb 2020).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Rangewide, no major threats are known. Some populations may have been impacted by habitat destruction, automobile traffic, and/or direct killing by humans, especially in conjunction with \"rattlesnake roundups.\" Compared to similar species, <i>C. pyrrhus</i> appears to have a higher survival rate in habitat fragments, including those that receive heavy recreational use (Meik and Babb 2020).","shortTermTrendComments":"The short-term population trend over the past three generations appears to be relatively stable judging by the more than 1,000 observations and specimens recorded across the range between 1991 and 2021 (GBIF 2021). This species has been reported to live over 22 years in captivity (Meik and Babb 2020); presumably the life span is shorter in the wild.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1146769,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"This species is an ambush predator and dietary generalist, consumes a diverse array of vertebrate prey types, including small mammals, lizards, and birds (Cochran et al. 2021).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":100,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":110360,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":1146769,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[],"references":[{"id":1067030,"citation":"Brattstrom, B. H. 1964. Evolution of the pit vipers. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 13(11):185-268.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brattstrom","shortCitationYear":1964,"referenceCode":"A64BRA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":381359,"citation":"Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Cornell University Press.","shortCitationAuthor":"Campbell and Lamar","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":1104649,"citation":"Cochran, C., K.L. Edwards, Z.D. Travis, L.R. Pompe, and W.K. Hayes. 2021. Diet and feeding frequency in the Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus pyrrhus</i>): ontogenetic, sexual, geographic, and seasonal variation. Journal of Herpetology 55(1): 77-87.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cochran et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21COC01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-09-04T09:47:13.269102Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1101127,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2021. GBIF data accessed through GeoCAT portal. Online. Available: http://geocat.kew.org/ (accessed 2021).","shortCitationAuthor":"GBIF","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"W21GBI01HQUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T02:41:48.717363Z"},{"id":1099635,"citation":"Holycross, A.T. and J.C. Mitchell (eds.). 2020. Snakes of Arizona. ECO Wear and Publishing, Rodeo, New Mexico, 860 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Holycross and Mitchell","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"B20HOL01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-04-03T03:26:11.091232Z"},{"id":1104650,"citation":"Klauber, L. M. 1936. <i>Crotalus mitchellii</i>, the speckled rattlesnake. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 8:149–184","shortCitationAuthor":"Klauber","shortCitationYear":1936,"referenceCode":"A36KLA01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-09-04T09:47:13.269102Z"},{"id":148929,"citation":"Knight, A., D. Styer, S. Pelikan, J. A. Campbell, L. D. Densmore III, and D. P. Mindell. 1993. Choosing among hypotheses of rattlesnake phylogeny: a best-fit rate test for DNA sequence data. Systematic Biology 42(3):356-367.","shortCitationAuthor":"Knight et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93KNI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":113620,"citation":"McCranie, J. R. 1988. Description of the hemipenis of <i>Sistrurus ravus </i>(Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetologica 44:123-126.","shortCitationAuthor":"McCranie","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88MCC02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":1104614,"citation":"Meik, J. M. and R.D. Babb. 2020. <i>Crotalus pyrrhus</i>, Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake. Pages 588-599 in A.T. Holycross and J.C. Mitchell (eds.). 2020. Snakes of Arizona. ECO Wear and Publishing, Rodeo, New Mexico.","shortCitationAuthor":"Meik and Babb","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20MEI01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-09-04T09:47:13.269102Z"},{"id":1055179,"citation":"Meik J. M., J. W. Streicher, A. M. Lawing, O. Flores-Villela, and M. K. Fujita. 2015. Limitations of climatic data for inferring species boundaries: insights from speckled rattlesnakes. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0131435. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131435","shortCitationAuthor":"Meik et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15MEI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-04-04T18:49:04.007863Z"},{"id":1067034,"citation":"Murphy, R. W., J. Fu, and A. Lathrop. 2002. Phylogeny of the rattlesnakes (<i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus</i>) inferred from sequences of five mitochondrial DNA genes. Pages 69-92 in G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene, editors. Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah.","shortCitationAuthor":"Murphy et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02MUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":123870,"citation":"Parkinson, C. L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999:576-586.","shortCitationAuthor":"Parkinson","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99PAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:43.567263Z"},{"id":1066991,"citation":"Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pyron et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13PYR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":1067031,"citation":"Stille, B. 1987. Dorsal scale microdermatoglyphics and rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus</i>) phylogeny (Reptilia: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Herpetologica:98-104.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stille","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87STI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":1146769,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Viperidae","genus":"Crotalus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1381964,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1381964","formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus pyrrhus</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Crotalus pyrrhus pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake - Tinajas Altas Population","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1381964/Crotalus_pyrrhus_pop_1"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1146769,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"This species is most commonly associated with the rugged and rocky terrain of the mountains of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts and is rarely encountered in the adjacent desert flats (Klauber 1936, Cochran et al. 2021). The primary habitat are the rocky lower slopes and canyons, but it is also found in seeps, springs, as well as riparian habitats when available. When inactive, it occurs under rocks or bushes or in crevices, caves, abandoned mines, rodent burrows, or woodrat nests (Meik and Babb 2020).","generalDescription":"A medium-sized pit viper that generally attains body lengths of less than a meter, although it ranges from about 92 to130 centimeters (Klauber 1936, Cochran et al. 2021).","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-116649,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-116647,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-116648,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":11,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Desert","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Desierto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Désert","displayOrder":13}},{"cagTerrHabId":-116646,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":17,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Bare rock/talus/scree","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Roca viva/pendiente de roca/piedras sueltas","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Éboulis","displayOrder":20}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-104741,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":109196,"elCode":"ARADE02060","name":"Crotalus mitchellii","formattedName":"<i>Crotalus mitchellii</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.893999","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":44475,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":89,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"No known threats","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"No known threats","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":null},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":null,"threatImpactCalc":null}]}