{"elementGlobalId":1146759,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Rhinella marina</i>","scientificName":"Rhinella marina","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"South American Cane Toad","relatedItisNames":"<i>Rhinella marina</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN 773729)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1146759","elcode":"AAABB01300","conceptRefFullCitation":"Acevedo-Rincón, A. A., M. Lampo, and R. Cipriani. 2016. The cane or marine toad, <i>Rhinella marina</i> (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 4103:574–586.","conceptName":"<i>Rhinella marina</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Rhinella horribilis</i> is removed from the synonym of <i>R. marina</i> by Acevedo-Rincón et al. (2016). Eastern populations maintain the <i>Rhinella marina</i> nomenclature and the name <i>Rhinella horribilis</i> should be revalidated for western populations. See also Bessa-Silva (2020) and Pereyra et al. (2021).<br/><br/>This genus of predominantly South American toads was redelimited by Chaparro et al. (2007) to reflect the phylogenetic results of Pramuk (2006). Van Bocxlaer et al. (2010) suggested that <i>Rhinella </i>is only distantly related to North American toads of the genera <i>Incilius </i>and <i>Anaxyrus.</i> The introduced cane toads in Hawai'i, Puerto Rico, and Florida (except Polk County [Abercrombie et al. (2022)]) likely represent R. marina (Nicholson 2025).","roundedGRank":"GNR","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":1146760,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNA","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":1146766,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1146766,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":1146761,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1146761,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":2020,"nrank":"NNA","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":1146760,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T01:03:49.602955Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1146759/Rhinella_marina","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":null,"grankReviewDate":null,"grankReasons":null,"grank":"GNR","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":1146759,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"East of the Andes throughout Amazonian and Guianan South America (the Guianas to central Brazil, and Amazonian Colombia, Peru and Bolivia); introduced widely worldwide (Florida [USA], Antilles, Hawaii, Fiji, Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Is. (Japan), New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Australia, and many Pacific islands) (Frost 2020).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1146759,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1018,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Bufonid Toads","subtypes":"Breeding Site","inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that toads rarely if ever cross successfully; roads with nonpermeable barriers to toad movement; urbanized areas dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Opportunistic observations of various toad species in lowland habitats indicate regular movements of up to at least several hundred meters from the closest known breeding site (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.). Sweet (1993) recorded movements of up to 1 km in <i>Bufo californicus</i>. In defining critical habitat for <i>B. californicus</i>, USFWS (2000) included breeding streams and upland areas within a 25-m elevational range of each essential stream reach and no more than 1.5 km away from the stream. In northwestern Utah, Thompson (2004) recorded movements of <i>Bufo boreas</i> of up to 5 km across upland habitat between two springs during the summer-fall season. Another toad moved 1.3 km between May of one year and May of the next year; the following June it was back at the original breeding location (Thompson 2004). Most studies of toad movements have not employed radiotelemetry and were not designed to detect long-range movements or dispersal. <br><br>The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the good vagility of toads, their ability to utilize ephemeral or newly created breeding sites, and the consequent likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term.","versionDate":"2005-04-27","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:19.878673Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":1146759,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[],"references":[{"id":1167412,"citation":"Abercrombie, H. E., M. Ferrera, P. Schultz, S. Watkins, E. Eversole, D. B. Estabrooks, and N. Ferrera. 2022. Geographic distribution: <i>Rhinella horribilis</i>. Herpetological Review 53(1):74–75.","shortCitationAuthor":"Abercrombie et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22ABE01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T06:59:00.739668Z"},{"id":1055174,"citation":"Acevedo-Rincón, A. A., M. Lampo, and R. Cipriani. 2016. The cane or marine toad, <i>Rhinella marina</i> (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 4103:574–586.","shortCitationAuthor":"Acevedo-Rincón et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16ACE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-04-04T18:49:03.554728Z"},{"id":1101988,"citation":"Bessa-Silva, A., M. Vallinoto, I. Sampaio, O. Flores-Villela, E. N. Smith, and F. Sequeira. 2020. The roles of vicariance and dispersal in the differentiation of two species of the <i>Rhinella marina</i> species complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 145(106723):1-12.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bessa-Silva et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20BES01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T08:24:45.336813Z"},{"id":630086,"citation":"Chaparro, J. C., J. B. Pramuk, and A. G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal <i>Rhinella</i> (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212. ","shortCitationAuthor":"Chaparro et al.","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"A07CHA0100LA","lastModified":"2021-07-03T08:24:45.336813Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":1101989,"citation":"Pereyra, M. O., B. L. Blotto, D. Baldo, J. C. Chaparro, S. R. Ron, A. J. Elias-Costa, P. P. Iglesias, P. J. Venegas, M. T. C. Thomé, J. J. Ospina-Sarria, N. M. Maciel, M. Rada, F. Kolenc, C. Borteiro, M. Rivera-Correa, F. J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, J. Moravec, I. De la Riva, W. C. Wheeler, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, T. Grant, C. F. B. Haddad, and J. Faivovich. 2021. Evolution in the genus <i>Rhinella</i>: A total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 447:1-156.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pereyra et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21PER01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T08:24:45.336813Z"},{"id":1101990,"citation":"Pramuk, J. B. 2006. Phylogeny of south American <i>Bufo </i>(Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological journal of the Linnean society 146(3):407-452.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pramuk","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06PRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T08:24:45.336813Z"},{"id":1101991,"citation":"Van Bocxlaer, I., S. P. Loader, K. Roelants, S. D. Biju, M. Menegon, and F. Bossuyt. 2010. Gradual adaptation toward a range-expansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads. Science 327(5966):679-682.","shortCitationAuthor":"Van Bocxlaer","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10VAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T08:24:45.336813Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":198084,"name":"Cane Toad","language":"EN"},{"id":205778,"name":"Marine Toad","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":1146759,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Anura","family":"Bufonidae","genus":"Rhinella","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":146736,"synonym":"Bufo marinus","synonymAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Bufo marinus</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1146759,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":null,"generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1055174,"citation":"Acevedo-Rincón, A. A., M. Lampo, and R. Cipriani. 2016. The cane or marine toad, <i>Rhinella marina</i> (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 4103:574–586.","shortCitationAuthor":"Acevedo-Rincón et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16ACE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-04-04T18:49:03.554728Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":109193,"elCode":"AAABB01100","name":"Rhinella marina","formattedName":"<i>Rhinella marina</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103751","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}