{"elementGlobalId":109369,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":3,"iucnDescEn":"Critically endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro crítico","iucnDescFr":"Gravement menacée d’extinction","iucnCode":"CR"},"nameCategory":{"id":2,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Invertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal invertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal invertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Acropora palmata</i>","scientificName":"Acropora palmata","scientificNameAuthor":"(Lamarck, 1816)","primaryCommonName":"Elkhorn Coral","relatedItisNames":"<i>Acropora palmata</i> (Lamarck, 1816) (TSN 52861)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109369","elcode":"IDANT01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Cairns, S.D., Calder, D.R., Brinckman-Voss, A., Castro, C.B., Pugh, P.R., Cutress, C.E., Jaap, W.C., Fautin, D.G., Larson, R.J., Harbison, G.R., Arai, M.N. and Opresko, D.M. 1991. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 22, Bethesda, Maryland. 75 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Acropora palmata</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2014-09-30","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Almquist, D. T. (2014)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":178176,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":300394,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":300394,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":178176,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:55:48.685125Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.109369/Acropora_palmata","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2011-07-11","grankReviewDate":"2014-09-30","grankReasons":"Although still widespread, and common in some areas, this species has undergone declines of over 80% since the 1980's, primarily due to white-band disease. It is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN (Aronson et al. 2008) and threatened under the ESA (NOAA 2014). It is considered extremely susceptible to sedimentation, bleaching, disease, eutrophication, anchor damage and boat groundings (Jaap, 1979; Bak, 1981; Gladfelter, 1982; Peters, 1984).","grank":"G1G2","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":109369,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":2,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow to narrow.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho a estrecho.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De très étroit à étroit."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":3,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":17,"numberEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":3,"numberProtEosDescEn":"None to several (0-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De ninguna a unas pocas ocurrencias (0 a 12) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"De aucune à quelques occurrences (de 0 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":4,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Widespread distribution in the tropical western Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico, southern Florida, Bahamas, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba, Lesser Antilles, Panama, Belize and Nicaragua. Smith (1971): Florida Keys, Bahamas. Colin (1978): Caribbean. Cairns (1982): Belize. Nelson (1988), Farrell et al. (1983), Tunnell (1988), Jordan (1992): Mexican Gulf. Jaap (1984), Jaap et al. (1988, 1989), Burns (1985), White and Porter (1985): Florida Keys. Lang et al. (1988): Bahamas. Goreau (1959), Goreau and Wells (1967): Jamaica. Roberts (1971): Cayman Islands. Kuhlmann (1974), Zlatarski and Estalella (1982): Cuba. Almy and Carrion-Torres (1963), Pressick (1970), Goenaga et al.(1989): Puerto Rico. Brawley and Adey (1982): Haiti. Lewis (1974), Tomascik (1987): Barbados. Rogers (1982), Rogers (1988), Gladfelter (1982)","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":46,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":5,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"1-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 1 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 1 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"Unknown","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"Desconocido","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"Inconnu","bioticsKey":47},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Linear occupancy is unknown.","numberEosComments":"Information is needed on the number of occurrences in the tropical western Atlantic.","popSizeComments":"Limited to shallow-water hard-bottom communities including reef rubble communities, reef crests, reef flats, spur and groove reefs and transitional reefs (Goreau and Wells, 1967; Cairns, 1982; Tomascik and Sander, 1987).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"White-band disease is the primary threat to this species (Aronson et al. 2008). Considered extremely susceptible to sedimentation, bleaching, disease, eutrophication, anchor damage and boat groundings (Jaap, 1979; Bak, 1981; Gladfelter, 1982; Peters, 1984). Tilmant (1987): extensive damage in Biscyane National Park, Florida from boat groundings. Rogers (1988): diver-related damage in USVI. Dustan and Halas (1987): extensive anchor damage in Florida.","shortTermTrendComments":"This species has undergone declines of over 80%, and up to 98% in some areas, since the 1980's (Aronson et al. 2008).","longTermTrendComments":"This species has undergone declines of over 80%, and up to 98% in some areas, since the 1980's (Aronson et al. 2008).","inventoryNeeds":"Surveys are needed throughout its range to ascertain distribution, abundance, and viability.","numberProtEosComments":"Two occurrences were known to be protected in the Florida Keys. Specific information is lacking for other parts of its range.","protectionNeeds":"Mooring buoys should be installed near extant populations. All extant populations should be included in marine protected areas.","otherConsiderations":"The National Marine Fisheries Service reviewed this species in 2014 and kept it listed as threatened in the Caribbean (NOAA). Despite the large decline, it has been characterized as common to occasional in the Bahamas and Caribbean (Human and DeLoach 2013) and there has been evidence of recovery in some areas (Aronson et al. 2008).","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Low sexual recruitment and environmentally sensitive to temperature, salinity, and turbidity (Jaap, 1979; Highsmith, 1982; Szmant, 1986; Coles, 1992).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Limited to shallow-water hard-bottom communities including reef rubble communities, reef crests, reef flats, spur and groove reefs and transitional reefs (Goreau and Wells, 1967; Cairns, 1982; Tomascik and Sander, 1987)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":109369,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"SEDENTARY","foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":100642,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1220,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Stony Coral","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Four components to a stony coral element occurrence: 1.) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed, 2.) determine density of colonies via quadrats, 3.) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size, and 4.) provide habitat description.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:29:42.776667Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":109369,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Populations on nearshore reef communities need to be monitored for viability as related to water quality.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Data needed on trend of extant populations throughout tropical western Atlantic.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":110674,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:39:46.365598Z"}],"references":[{"id":102477,"citation":"Adams, R.A. 1968. 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