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is a widespread species with many occurrences and no significant rangewide threats.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":109199,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":11,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Unknown","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Desconocido","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":7,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Unknown","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Desconocido","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"longTermTrend":{"id":40,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","longTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","longTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 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United States, from Texas to Florida, including the Florida Keys, it also sometimes colonizes southern California in the west and as far north as South Carolina in the east (Daniels 2020; Lotts and Naberhaus 2023; GBIF 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is known from thousands of occurrences using a 5 km separation distance and records from 1993-2023 (GBIF 2023).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Threats to this species are unknown.","shortTermTrendComments":"The short-term population trend of this species appears to be relatively stable with > 15,000 increasing observations across its range between 2013 and 2023 (GBIF 2023; SCAN 2023; iNaturalist 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term population trend of this species appears to be relatively stable with > 20,000 observations recorded across the species' range, many of them recent, which has remained stable over time (GBIF 2023; SCAN 2023; iNaturalist 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":109199,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Some adults of this species migrate north from the southern United States (Daniels 2020; Lotts and Naberhaus 2023).","foodHabitsComments":"Larval hosts are passion-vines including <i>Passiflora suberosa, P. lutea</i>, and <i>P. incarnata</i> and adults consume nectar and pollen from flowers and pollen, including lantana and shepherd's needle (Daniels 2020; Lotts and Naberhaus 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These are not butterflies of small habitats. Obviously many occurrences are much greater than the roughly 1000 kilometers here defined and/or the potentially persistent occurrences is a cluster of numerous small habitats. Where these butterflies occupy vast expanses of habitat they are often landscape level species with undefinable occurrences.","minimumEoCriteria":"A location where the species occurs, or has occurred, where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence. Minimally a place where the species has been collected or verified by an expert from a diagnostic photograph and is associated with sufficient suitable habitat to support a population.","mappingGuidance":"Usually habitats will be large blocks of somewhat diverse forest or woodlands. Boundaries of such can be used for mapping. In practice occurrence definition for this group is likely to be extremely difficult in boreal or montane regions with extensive forest lands, but in most such cases these taxa will not likely be mapped. A particularly difficult case would be <i>Polygonia faunus smythi</i>. This one probably can at least be assumed confined to higher, cooler northern hardwoods and spruce-fir forests and openings and outcrops in them. Occurrences in this SPECS group should not be based solely on larval foodplants but must also include adult habitat, although in some cases it would be prudent to map foodplant patches. Consult habitat and foodplant comments fields for species-specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences for individual species.","separationBarriers":"Generally none or unknown. Many of the species are migratory or at least subject to large range fluctuations and such species can cross virtually any barrier including several kilometers of ocean and cities.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"If an EO is on an island such as one of the Florida Keys it is reasonable to consider each island as a separate occurrence regardless of distance and even if some movement between islands occurs. Consult habitat and foodplant comments fields for species-specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences for individual species. <br/> For regularly recurring \"populations\" and probably in some other cases for several of these species the Specs for breeding Immigrant Lepidoptera may be substituted.","separationJustification":"Both distances are arbitrary but reflect the near certainty that most of these species are very mobile, many are long lived (at least in the overwintering brood), mostly somewhat to highly migratory, and that persistent populations cannot occur in small scraps of habitat. It is not really known but for most species, defensible persistent occurrences are probably hundreds to many thousands of hectares; or they may occur as metapopulations with adults moving widely between smaller breeding areas (e.g. <i>Polygonia progne</i> southward).<br/>Suitable habitat is also problematic and some judgment based on local knowledge may be needed to define it. For example the adult habitat for <i>Nymphalis antiopa</i> is primarily forests at least during aestivation, hibernation, and late winter-early spring courtship and mating period but in many regions the breeding habitats are willow swamps and other shrublands or backyard shade trees. While they generally do stay in forests, taiga, woodlands, or openings in them, adults of the boreal <i>Polygonia</i> and <i>Nymphalis</i> etc. are not restricted to the vicinity of the larval foodplants. Conceptually suitability should be based on adult as well as larval habitat.","versionDate":"2001-09-12","versionAuthor":"Schweitzer, D.F.","versionNotes":"Conceptually separate non-breeding EOs, specifically hibernation or aestivation areas, would be appropriate for some of these species. However since the obvious examples are very common species such as <i>Nymphalis californica</i> for example around Mt. Shasta or both widespread eastern <i>Polygonia</i> for example in southern New Jersey, this issue is not addressed with these Specs. Such species are unlikely to be tracked or mapped in such places. In fact most years <i>P. comma</i> is resident in most of southern New Jersey only from about October through March. As far as known most of the boreal species and montane breeders in these genera occur essentially in the same places year round. As far as known most of the more southern taxa that are likely to be tracked do also. These Specs were written primarily for species of <i>Polygonia</i> and <i>Nymphalis </i>(senus lato) but seem applicable for <i>Anaea</i> also, although for that genus habitats will seldom permit use of the 20 km distance.","lastModified":"2023-02-03T23:57:09.490528Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":109199,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":110508,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:39:17.412172Z"}],"references":[{"id":1133907,"citation":"Daniels, J. 2020. 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Available online: http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ (Version December 2018).","shortCitationAuthor":"Lotts and Naberhaus","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"W17LOT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:53.365204Z"},{"id":1106239,"citation":"Lotts, K. and T. Naberhaus, coordinators. 2023. Butterflies and Moths of North America (BAMONA). Bozeman, MT: Big Sky Institute. Online. Available: http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"Lotts and Naberhaus","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"W23LOT01NACA","lastModified":"2023-10-06T22:14:27.554773Z"},{"id":157149,"citation":"Opler, P. A., and A. D. Warren. 2002. Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico. C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 79 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Opler and Warren","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02OPL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:46.974257Z"},{"id":630539,"citation":"Pelham, J. P. 2008. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. Volume 40. 658 pp. Revised 14 February, 2012.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pelham","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08PEL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:46.974257Z"},{"id":1124489,"citation":"Pelham, J.P. 2023. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada. 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