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decline in much of New England the luna moth is still a common moth in most of temperate eastern North America and there is no evidence decline is spreading.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":109121,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  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Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":33,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to Relatively Stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"All US states east of the Great Plains and all adjacent Canadian Provinces.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Except in parts of New England, luna moths occur in virtually every patch of forest in the eastern USA and southern Canada.","numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The only real concern appears to be the out of control introduced biocontrol<i> Compsilura concinnata (</i>Diptera: Tachinidae) which has impacted this and other large moths in New England and vicinity. however there is no clear evidence such impacts are spreading, although the fly is, and there has been obvious recovery since the low point in the 1970s. At present luna moth appears unthreatened in about 90% or more of its range and unlike some compsilura victims, luna moth has not been actually extirpated from any significant area.","shortTermTrendComments":"Som loss of habitat and has been substantially to drastically reduced in much of southern New England. Otherwise generally common.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Although this is somewhat restricted in foodplants, prefernces vary regionally and always include one or more common to co-dominant genera of trees."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":109121,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Caterpillar Hosts: A variety of trees including white birch (<i>Betula papyrifera</i>), persimmon (<i>Diospyros virginiana</i>), sweet gum (<i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>), hickories (<i>Carya</i>), walnuts (<i>Juglans</i>), and sumacs (<i>Rhus</i>). Adult Food: Adults do not feed (Lotts and Naberhaus 2017).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":109376,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":108493,"foodHabits":{"id":12,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Nonfeeding","foodHabitsDescEs":"No se alimenta","foodHabitsDescFr":"En jeûne","displayOrder":14},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1126,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Large Saturniidae","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred is extent should really be all available habitat if the species is present at all. These moths can seldom maintain themselves in small areas and will utilize most patches to some extent in some years. One kilometer is merely a low, but practical suggested limit for use in extensive suitable habitat. A circle of this radius defines an area of about 400 hectares which does appear to approximate some of the smaller persistent occurrences for several species in southeastern Pennsylvania (Schweitzer).","minimumEoCriteria":"A location where the species occurs where there is potential for continued occurrence or regular recurrence. Minimally, an area where the species has been verified in some life stage based on a specimen or photograph in association with sufficient habitat to sustain a population. These are mostly unspecialized landscape level moths and few occurrences are really less than 500 hectares and many are almost undefinable.<br/>An occurrence ranked higher than D should support a viable persistent population. These moths do not persist well once habitat becomes functionally fragmented. For example despite statements in Tuskees et al. (1996) <i>Callosamia angulifera</i> apparently no longer persists in scattered tulip tree stands in Massachusetts and Rhode Island but has in southern Connecticut where its foodplant is fairly common. As they note <i>Hyalophora columbia columbia</i> has died out following habitat fragmentation in many areas. Where documented occurrences are small (<500 hectares) if possible pool them as a metapopulation, especially if there is some marginal habitat between the main patches. If they are truly isolated such small occurrences should not be ranked higher than C.","mappingGuidance":"In agricultural regions it is easy to map useful habitat, but hard to determine what is a functional occurrence--that is viable population. With forest occurrences boundaries may be obvious. With unstable fencerow and roadside populations one can do little more than map observations.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":4.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Many of the species seem to occur mainly in unstable populations in successional or roadside areas in some parts of their range. <i>C. promethea</i> can be very unstable near the northern limits of its range (Tuskees et al., 1996; also personal observations of D. Schweitzer in Maine and Vermont). In many agricultural regions one can easily observe that cocoons of <i>C. promethea </i>are abundant some years and completely absent others in a given area often mostly in fence row, hedges, thickets and roadsides. Often one can find a few <i>cecropia</i> cocoons in the same thickets. In some heavily disturbed areas these unstable occurrences may be most or all of the local population. Numerous claims have been made and sometimes documented that saturniid populations move around over time, although in many cases they do not die out of areas completely but merely fluctuate. Parasitoids, native species, e.g. egg parasitoids in southern New Jersey (Schweitzer), as well as exotic <i>Compsilura</i> in New England and New York, seem to drive some fluctuations and population shifts. Regardless of cause, where large Saturniidae occur in unstable unnatural situations without apparent reservoirs in more natural forests or other habitats there is little choice but to basically record observation points. If the occurrences are along roadsides and fencerows, intervening habitats are highly unsuitable (such as farmland), and densities are such that a given patch is unoccupied most years, it may be impractical to define persistent viable occurrences. In such cases occurrences may need to be arbitrarily defined and they should not be ranked highly, or if ti is an option consider merely recording observations and not EOs.","separationJustification":"These are moths of large habitats and it makes no sense to define small occurrences separated by short distances defining habitat patches where they probably could not persist. Since fully loaded females are mostly not strong fliers it is generally believed that these moths are not good colonizers across more than a few kilometers. However, it is not known how far females fly. Males are known to move tens of kilometers. Dale Schweitzer has observed numerous <i>Callosamia promethea</i> on their maiden flight and they are agile, powerful fliers that apparently do not lay many eggs their first night of flight. Females of some other species that are more fecund such as <i>Citheronia regalis</i> and <i>Hyalophora cecropia</i> have genuine difficulty even getting airborne and probably lay most of their eggs within a kilometer of their eclosion site. Undoubtedly once they have laid most of their eggs such females can fly far and worn females taken at lights often contain 50-200 eggs. The fact that most of the species can persist or regularly recur in small Midwestern woodlots or in small roadside thickets in vastly agricultural landscapes does imply though that partially gravid females do move between patches. These moths are mostly not habitat specialists or else occur in common forest or woodland types and almost always occur widely, though often sparsely, over large areas. These distances are meant mainly for where these species occur consistently at moderate or high densities in large habitats such as forests, desert scrub, woodlands or barrens. In extensive forests given the flight capability of these moths there is almost no chance populations within 20 km would be genetically separate and if intervening habitat were largely suitable they would in at least some years be connected. Among North American species these Specs should apply for example to most or all occurrences of <i>Actias, Antheraea, Callosamia angulifera, Eupackardia, Eacles, Citheronia</i> among others. While <i>C. promethea</i> is clearly most dense in fence rows, along edges, and in thickets along moderately used automobile roads, in heavily forested regions like southern New Jersey sparsely distributed (usually <1 cocoon per hectare) forest understory populations which occur in most of the local forest types surely are most of the total population. In fact in 2001 in southern Cumberland County males were unusually numerous coming to calling females even though roadside cocoons were virtually non-existent in most areas and far lower than in the previous 12 years. A similar scenario may be true of <i>H. cecropia</i> and in some places <i>H. columbia gloveri</i>. In such cases, these Specs should be used. See alternate separation procedure for unstable occurrences without a stable reservoir.<br/>Note then the five kilometer distance applies only across landscapes devoid of habitat or largely so, perhaps a good threshold would be >95% unsuitable such as crop land. Use the 20 kilometer distance with patchy or marginal habitat and note for many species this can include residential or urban habitat if such places provide suitable places for the cocoons..","versionDate":"2001-09-20","versionAuthor":"Schweitzer, Dale F.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-02-03T23:58:27.933088Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":109121,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":110431,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:39:06.537042Z"}],"references":[{"id":1031502,"citation":"Lotts, K., and T. Naberhaus, coordinators. 2017. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Available online: http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ (Version December 2018).","shortCitationAuthor":"Lotts and Naberhaus","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"W17LOT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:53.365204Z"},{"id":1140244,"citation":"Pohl, G.R. and S.R. Nanz (eds.). 2023. Annotated taxonomic checklist of the Lepidoptera of North America, north of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Bakersfield, California. xiv + 580 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pohl and Nanz","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23POH01NACA","lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:44:01.22889Z"},{"id":959370,"citation":"Schweitzer, D. F. 2017. Current versus mid 20th century statuses of moths with big summer caterpillars (Saturniidae, Sphingidae, <i>Datana</i>) in nothern New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 59 (3):134-141)","shortCitationAuthor":"Schweitzer","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17SCH02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:28:42.084497Z"},{"id":117411,"citation":"Tuskes, P. M., J. P. Tuttle, and M. M. Collins. 1996. The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada. 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Nanz (eds.). 2023. Annotated taxonomic checklist of the Lepidoptera of North America, north of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Bakersfield, California. xiv + 580 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pohl and Nanz","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23POH01NACA","lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:44:01.22889Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}