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subspecies has a large range and number of known occurrences in both its native overwintering range and areas where it is not native, but it has experienced severe long and short-term population declines and is subjected to many, ongoing threats.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":108245,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":25,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 50 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":20,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-80%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 30 a 80","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 80 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"North America forms the core of the monarch’s range but the overall range extends through Central America to northern South America (USFWS 2024). This species also occurs in Hawaii, Australia, several Pacific islands, parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe (Zhan et al. 2014). Several populations outside of the Americas appear to be nonnative, originating from introductions that are thought to have occurred in the 1800s (Vane-Wright 1993), but Zhan et al. (2014) suggests that introductions may have occurred much earlier. The North American populations (subspecies <i>plexippus</i>) are strongly migratory, resulting in vastly difference seasonal ranges with essential overwintering areas limited to coastal California and the mountains of central Mexico (USFWS 2024). The summer range includes portions of the conterminous U.S and the southern portions of all Canadian provinces bordering the US where milkweeds occur. There are some non-migratory populations along the Gulf of Mexico from the Florida panhandle to eastern Texas and the Carolina and Georgia coast as well as along the coast of California in the west; these populations are thought to be small and potentially population sinks that depend on augmentation from migratory individuals to persist, but they are understudied (Howard et al. 2010; Crone and Schultz 2021; USFWS 2024). Subspecies <i>megalippe</i> is found in the Caribbean and Central and South America, from Colombia to central Peru (Smith et al. 2005).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The number of occurrences of this species is estimated based on native overwintering sites and non-migratory island populations of subspecies <i>plexippus</i> and populations of subspecies <i>megalippe </i>in the Caribbean, Central, and South America. The eastern North American population has been documented as overwintering at 19 sites in the states of Michoacan and Mexico, Mexico (Vidal and Rendon-Salinas 2014; USFWS 2024). The western North American population has been documented as overwintering at more than 400 sites, mostly along the California coast, but in 2024 only 109 hosted at least one monarch and the number fluctuates annually (Monroe et al. 2014; Xerces Society 2025). Breeding habitat for the migratory populations is found across much of continuous North America and there are many thousands of patches where monarch larvae occur in summer, but these are not persistent populations, and most have only a few adults (USFWS 2024). There are extent populations in at least 90 countries, islands, and island groups outside of contiguous North America (USFWS 2024). There are also some non-migratory populations along the Gulf from the Florida panhandle to eastern Texas and the Carolina and Georgia coast as well as in areas of coastal California (Howard et al. 2010; Crone and Schultz 2021; USFWS 2024). There are an estimate 190 occurrences in the Caribbean, Central, and South America using a 10 km separation distance and from 2024-2025 alone (RARECAT; GBIF 2025).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species is threatened by habitat loss due to development, agriculture, and logging, increased fire intensity and fire suppression in prairies, as well as directly by pesticides and indirectly by herbicides through loss of its host plants, and climate change, including increased droughts and temperature extremes (Walker et al 2022; USFWS 2024).","shortTermTrendComments":"The estimated population reduction for the eastern monarch population from 2012-2022 was 27-72% and 66-91% for the western monarch population (Walker et al. 2022). The probability of extinction for the eastern population is less than 10% within 10 years, but increases to 56% to 74% chance within 60 years; western population is higher at 60-68% chance of extinction within 10 years and 99% in 60 years (USFWS 2024). The majority of non-migratory and non-native populations are thought to be extant, but the abundance and condition of these populations are unknown (USFWS 2024).","longTermTrendComments":"The eastern North American population has been monitored and censused since 1994 and despite high fluctuations, the population remained in the hundreds of millions and over 10 hectares were occupied in overwintering sites in Mexico until the early 2000s (USFWS 2024) with an average of around 9 hectares per year. However, since 2004, the overwintering area occupied in Mexico has fluctuated from less than 1 hectare to less than 7 hectares (USFWS 2024) with an average of 3.14, a reduction of about 65%. The eastern North American population has been documented as overwintering at 19 sites in the states of Michoacan and Mexico, Mexico, but only about seven sites were active in 2013-2014 (Vidal and Rendon-Salinas 2014). The eastern migratory population declined by 84% from 1996 to 2014 (Semmens et al. 2016). The western North American population has been monitored and censused since 1997 and there were an estimated 3-10 million individuals in the 1980s (Walker et al. 2022; USFWS 2024). The western population has declined significantly and was at the lowest in 2020-2021 at less than 2,000 individuals, a 99.9% decline, and has averaged 200,000-300,000 individuals from 2021-2023, despite increased monitoring at more sites over the years (Walker et al. 2022; Xerces Society 2025). The native North American populations make up the vast majority of individuals of this subspecies and while the majority of non-migratory and non-native populations are thought to be extant, there abundance and condition of these populations are unknown (USFWS 2024).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Larvae of this species are specialists on milkweed host plants (<i>Asclepias </i>spp.) which are somewhat common, although have been reduced in recent decades via mechanical and chemical (herbicides) means (USFWS 2024)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":108245,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"There are two primary migratory routes: east of the Rocky Mountains, over multiple generations, butterflies migrate from overwintering sites in central Mexico to summer breeding areas across the eastern United States and southern Canada and back again in the fall, traveling up to 4,000 km (Brower 1996). In western North America, butterflies migrate from overwintering sites along the Pacific Coast in California and Baja California to breeding areas in all states west of the Rocky Mountains, traveling up to 1,600 km (Walker et al. 2022; USFWS 2024). Some populations in western states, like those in the eastern half of Arizona, may migrate to central Mexico instead of the Pacific Coast (USFWS 2024). There are some non-migratory populations along the Gulf from the Florida panhandle to eastern Texas and the Carolina and Georgia coast as well as in areas of coastal California (Howard et al. 2010; Crone and Schultz 2021; USFWS 2024).","foodHabitsComments":"This subspecies requires milkweeds (<i>Asclepias </i>spp.) as caterpillars, but as adults they feed on nectar from a variety of flowers (USFWS 2024).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":109169,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":108184,"foodHabits":{"id":7,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Nectarivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Nectarívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Nectarivore","displayOrder":7},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1409,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Monarch","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"In North America and parts of Latin America use the Specs for Migratory Nymphalidae for breeding sites. At present there are no Specs for overwintering sites in coastal California and the Mexican mountains, which are the occurrences of actual conservation value to North American populations.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:36:28.673472Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":108245,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":109583,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:36:47.410742Z"}],"references":[{"id":758312,"citation":"Altizer, S. and A.K. 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