{"elementGlobalId":108160,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":3,"iucnDescEn":"Critically endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro crítico","iucnDescFr":"Gravement menacée d’extinction","iucnCode":"CR"},"nameCategory":{"id":2,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Invertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal invertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal invertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Acropora cervicornis</i>","scientificName":"Acropora cervicornis","scientificNameAuthor":"(Lamarck, 1816)","primaryCommonName":"Staghorn Coral","relatedItisNames":"<i>Acropora cervicornis</i> (Lamarck, 1816) (TSN 52862)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108160","elcode":"IDANT01020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Cairns, S.D., Calder, D.R., Brinckman-Voss, A., Castro, C.B., Pugh, P.R., Cutress, C.E., Jaap, W.C., Fautin, D.G., Larson, R.J., Harbison, G.R., Arai, M.N. and Opresko, D.M. 1991. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 22, Bethesda, Maryland. 75 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Acropora cervicornis</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2014-09-30","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Almquist, D.T.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":171792,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":311603,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":311603,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":171792,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:52:42.1442Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108160/Acropora_cervicornis","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2014-09-30","grankReviewDate":"2014-09-30","grankReasons":"Although this species appears to have a wide distribution and is still common in some areas, declines of 80-98% have been documented since the 1980's.  It is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN (Aronson et al. 2008) and threatened under the ESA (NOAA 2014).","grank":"G1G2","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":108160,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":1,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":3,"numberEosDescEn":"1 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 1 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 1 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":2,"numberProtEosDescEn":"None to few (0-3) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Ninguno a pocos casos (0 a 3) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De aucune à peu d’occurrences (de 0 à 3) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Widespread distribution in the tropical western Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico, southern Florida, Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, Belize, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Panama and Curacao.  Smith (1971): Florida, Bahamas. Colin (1978): throughout the Caribbean. Jones (1977), Davis (1977), Dustan (1977, 1985), Dustan and Halas (1987), Glynn et al. (1989), Jaap (1984), Jaap et al. (1989), Wheaton and Jaap (1988), Burns (1985), White and Porter (1985), Goldberg (1973a), Marszalek (1981): southern Florida. Farrell et al. (1983), Tunnell (1988): southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Lang et al. (1988): Bahamas. K¨hlmann (1974), Zlatarski and Estalella (1982): Cuba. Woodley et al. (1981), Tunnicliffe (1983), Hughes (1985), Hughes and Jackson (1985), Knowlton et al. (1981), Goreau and Wells (1967), Goreau (1959), Liddell and Ohlhorst (1981, 1987): Jamaica. Roberts (1971): Cayman Islands. Jordan et al. (1981), Fenner (1988): Yucatan, Mexico. Almy and Carrion-Torres (1963), Pressick (1970), Loya (1976), Rogers (1979): Puerto Rico. Gladfelter et al. (1978), Rogers et al. (1983), Edmunds et al. (1990): USVI. Dunne and Brown (1979): Anegada. Scatterday (1974), Bak (1981): Cura¨ao and Bonaire. Highsmith (1982): Panama.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are many records for this species, but it has undergone a massive decline and recent and specific records are lacking.","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"White band disease is the primary threat to this species, although various other threats are of concern (Aronson et al. 2008). Considered extremely threatened due to high sensitivity to sedimentation, eutrophication, disease, bleaching, salinity, and mechanical damage (Davis, 1977; Curtis, 1985). Davis (1977): extensive anchor damage in Dry Tortugas, Florida. Curtis (1985): damage from vessel groundings in southern Florida","shortTermTrendComments":"This species has declined 80-98% in much of its range in the past 30 years (Aronson et al. 2008).","longTermTrendComments":"This species has declined 80-98% in much of its range in the past 30 years (Aronson et al. 2008).","inventoryNeeds":"Surveys are needed throughout its range to ascertain distribution, abundance, and viability.","numberProtEosComments":"Protected populations in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Biscayne National Park and Dry Tortugas, Florida.","protectionNeeds":"Mooring buoys should be installed proximate to populations in marine protected areas.","otherConsiderations":"The National Marine Fisheries Service reviewed this species in 2014 and kept it listed as threatened in the Caribbean (NOAA). ","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is very susceptible to white band disease (Aronson et al. 2008). Less fragile than congener, but characterized by fragmentation, low sexual recruitment, and rapid growth (Shinn, 1976; Gladfelter et al., 1978; Rylaarsdam, 1983; Szmant, 1986).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Mostly on reefs, but also on sand substrate, from 1- 160 ft, although more common from 10-60 ft (Humann and DeLoach 2013)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":108160,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Sedentary","foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":100381,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1220,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Stony Coral","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Four components to a stony coral element occurrence: 1.) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed, 2.) determine density of colonies via quadrats, 3.) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size, and 4.) provide habitat description.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:29:42.776667Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":108160,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Populations on nearshore reef communities need to be monitored for viability as related to water quality.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Data needed on recruitment patterns and susceptibility to eutrophication and sedimentation.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":109500,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:36:33.643917Z"}],"references":[{"id":112484,"citation":"Adey, W.H. 1977. 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