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In North America, this species occurs in Canada from British Columbia and Yukon to Ontario and northern Quebec and in the United States in Alaska and the Intermountain West (GBIF 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is known from thousands of occurrences using records from 1993-2023 (SCAN 2023; GBIF 2023; iNaturalist 2023).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species is somewhat threatened by warming and precipitation changes due to climate change and habitat loss due to development and/or agriculture in the western United States, which is a small portion of its range (Forister et al. 2023).","shortTermTrendComments":"The short-term population trend of this species appears to be relatively stable with > 28,000 consistent observations across its range between 2013 and 2023 and an estimate that populations are stable, at least in the western United States (GBIF 2023; SCAN 2023; iNaturalist 2023; Forister et al. 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term population trend of this species appears to be relatively stable with > 34,000 consistent observations recorded across the species' range (GBIF 2023; SCAN 2023; iNaturalist 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":107982,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Caterpillar Hosts: Sagebrushes (<i>Artemisia</i>), including Arctic wormwood and wild tarragon, rarely plants in the parsley family. Adult Food: Flower nectar (Lotts and Naberhaus 2017).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":109285,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":108280,"foodHabits":{"id":7,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Nectarivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Nectarívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Nectarivore","displayOrder":7},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1226,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swallowtails (most Papilionidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":2.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"This applies only in suitable habitat and if larval foodplants are widely distributed.  Do not use to extend occurrences beyond breeding habitat.  However, given suitable habitat and dozens to thousands of highly mobile adults it would be unreasonable to assume absence from suitable habitat with established populations as close as 2 kilometers and at least marginal habitat in intervening area.","minimumEoCriteria":"A location where the species occurs, or has occurred with potential for persistence or regular recurrence; minimally including suitable habitat with presence verified by a specimen or definitively identifiable photograph.  For certain relatively easy species sight records might occasionally be used.","mappingGuidance":"For some of the more common mobile landscape level species utilizing very common habitats it may be impossible to define realistic EOs.  This would very commonly be the case with species such as P. glaucus, canadensis, troilus, polyxenes asterias, zelicaon and the few migratory ones like Battus philenor.   The species will usually be common or transient in the area and therefore not tracked. <br>Consult the habitat and food comments fields for species-specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences.   For island or other patchy metapopulations map major larval foodplant concentrations and any critical nectar areas.","separationBarriers":"These will often be unknown, but hot lowland deserts may be treated as barriers for montane species. Developed area should not be assumed to be barriers and are usually unsuitable, but sometimes suitable, habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"In very many cases, especially in the drier parts of western North America, populations will be confined to clearly definable, discrete landscape features such as riparian areas, canyons, ridgelines or even irrigated settled areas. In most such cases it is very reasonable simply to treat each canyon , ridge, etc., occurrence as a separate EO by using suitable habitat distances within them.  If the landscape features are separated by hot arid terrain consider whether such terrain is a barrier rather than merely unsuitable and if that seems to be the case separations distances as small as 1 km may sometimes be appropriate.  Although some species do move between islands, in general it is reasonable to treat populations on islands as separate EOs. In order to define practical EOs, for riparian species the unsuitable habitat distance might be applied over marginally suitable habitat.","separationJustification":"These figures are educated guesses based on the easily observable fact that most swallowtails move widely.  Adults can commonly be directly observed to move a few hundred meters in a minute or so.  Swallowtails are very commonly seen (especially in gardens) away from breeding habitats and are known to move between habitats.  In some species both sexes may move substantial distances to encounter mates on hilltops. There are good data for some of the rarer species (which will have their own Specs) but merely many casual observations for most of the common ones.  P. aristodemus ponceanus flies from one island to the next. Some taxa occasionally show up 500-1000 kilometers out of range. Isolated patches of foodplants often get larvae even where adults are only occasionally seen. Some naturalists plant larval foodplants in gardens and are quite successful in getting oviposition of species like P. polyxenes, zelicaon and B. philenor.  These species wander widely and most use a wide range of habitats, other use a more limited range but still manage to occupy most patches over time. For species which feed on common or even dominant forest trees or shrubs occurrences may cover hundreds of square kilometers, sometimes much more, with no logical subdivisions. Individual male territories or home ranges would not be a logical basis for EOs for such species since insect occurrences are based on populations. Therefore while arbitrary these figures reflect that most swallowtails are wide ranging more or less landscape level species. It seems unlikely that permanent populations would occur in less than several hundred hectares and that may be too small for some.","versionDate":"2001-07-19","versionAuthor":"Schweitzer, D.F.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-03-02T01:29:49.618706Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":107982,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":109332,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:36:03.940346Z"}],"references":[{"id":1035674,"citation":"Alaska Center for Conservation Science (UAA-ACCS). 2019. 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Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 79 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Opler and Warren","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02OPL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:46.974257Z"},{"id":630539,"citation":"Pelham, J. P. 2008. A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. Volume 40. 658 pp. Revised 14 February, 2012.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pelham","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08PEL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:46.974257Z"},{"id":1118229,"citation":"Pelham, J.P. 2022. Catalog of the butterflies of the United States and Canada. 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