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during this time period (Forister et al. 2021; GBIF 2023; SCAN 2023; iNaturalist 2023; Forister et al. 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"There have been > 100,000 observations across its range, but populations of this species had somewhat declined in the western United States, although they increased in Massachusetts, in recent decades (Breed et al. 2013; Forister et al. 2021; GBIF 2023; SCAN 2023; iNaturalist 2023; Forister et al. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":107731,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"This species exhibits multi-generational seasonal migration, migrating into the northern United States and Canada during the spring and summer from the southern United States and Mexico, in very large numbers during years with favorable rains and nectar availability, with some individuals returning south in the autumn; similar migrations occur from Africa to throughout Europe (Pyle and LaBar 2018; Saldivar et al. 2022; Lotts and Naberhaus 2023).","foodHabitsComments":"Larvae hosts are most often thistles (Asteraceae), but others include hollyhock and mallow (Malvaceae), and various legumes (Fabaceae); adults nectar from asters, cosmos, blazingstar, ironweed, and joe-pye weed, mints, red clover, buttonbush, privet, and milkweeds (Pyle and Labar 2018; Lotts and Naberhaus 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If viewed over the long term, say a decade, IE would in many cases be something like every patch of foodplant in the state.","minimumEoCriteria":"In most regions any place where the species breeds somewhat regularly. Minimally an observation associated with breeding habitat, but immatures in more than one year is a better criterion. Most of the species are common, and distinctive, and photographs or reliable sightings are adequate documentation. Occurrences for these species should not be thought of as having conservation value or corresponding to real populations. Nectaring areas such as gardens are not occurrences.","mappingGuidance":"In practice one can map foodplant sometimes. Often the occurrence is an old field, thicket, or other obvious feature. These are almost all highly weedy species (see discussion in Scott, 1986) and so habitats tend not to conform to natural communities as botanists define them. Given the general irrelevance of locally defined occurrences (\"EOs\") for conservation or ranking, pretty much any reasonable locally useful standard can be applied.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":2.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Since EOs for these species are totally arbitrary and rather irrelevant to their conservation, one could really use any convenient method for defining them. Two kilometers seems like a convenient distance. However since decisions about separation should have few consequences, really any convenient separation distance is justified. Maximum individual movement distances for most or all of these species substantially exceed 1000 km, although some like the common buckeye sometimes form sedentary colonies for the summer.","separationJustification":"Two kilometers is reasonable when these species settle in and begin producing local transient colonies, especially when adults become somewhat sedentary for a generation or two before moving on. Any distance can also be used if this is for some reason practical, and in reality two sites 50 km apart are arguably the same metapopulation. During migrations many to all individuals of these species travel more than 1000 km. It is strongly recommended though that distances under 2 km not be used.","versionDate":"2004-06-03","versionAuthor":"Schweitzer, Dale F.","versionNotes":"These Specs are provided for any exceptional cases where there is a perceived need to map (generally seasonal) occurrences.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:30:51.15276Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":107731,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":109088,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:35:18.803762Z"}],"references":[{"id":1063841,"citation":"Breed, G. 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