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Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Athene cunicularia</i>","taxonomicComments":"Placed in genus <i>Athene</i> by AOU (1997). Karyotypic studies suggest separate generic status as <i>Speotyto</i> (AOU 1991). Sibley and Monroe (1990) cited DNA-DNA hybridization evidence in asserting that <i>Speotyto cunicularia</i> is not closely related to owls of the genus <i>Athene</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-04-12","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. 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Populations in the United States and Canada have been in decline for decades. Threats include habitat loss due to development and agriculture, habitat becoming less suitable as burrow-digging mammals are lost and as disturbance by humans and domestic animals increases, pesticide exposure, invasive predators, and collisions with man-made objects.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106553,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":32,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range includes much of the Western Hemisphere. The range extends from southwestern Canada southward through North America, Central America, and South America as far south as Santa Cruz Province, Argentina and includes parts of the Caribbean (COSEWIC 2017, Poulin et al. 2020, Saggese and Montero 2021, Fink et al. 2023). A migratory population occupies the portion of the range from southwestern Canada to the southwestern United States from April to September, and that population occupies the portion of the range from central México to El Salvador from September through March (COSEWIC 2017, Poulin et al. 2020, Fink et al. 2023). Other populations are year-round residents. Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2024) records since 2004 (i.e., the past 20 years), range extent was calculated to be approximately 40 million km² (GeoCat 2024).<br/><br/>Throughout the range, occurrences are very localized and unevenly distributed with large portions of the range unoccupied (Tipton et al. 2009, Wilkerson and Siegel 2011, Ruiz Ayma et al. 2016, COSEWIC 2017, Fink et al. 2023). In the Caribbean, it is found in The Bahamas, Cuba, and on the island of Hispaniola in the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic (Thorstrom and Gallardo 2017, Gallardo and Thorstrom 2019). It is absent east of the Mississippi River in the United States except for parts of Florida (Bowen 2001). It is generally absent in much of Central America, the northern Andes, and the Amazon Basin (Poulin et al. 2020).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The number of distinct breeding occurrences has not been determined using standardized criteria. There are likely many hundreds to a few thousand occurrences throughout the range, but more information is needed in Central America and South America to accurately assess the number of occurrences.","popSizeComments":"In 2004, Partners in Flight estimated the global population at 2,000,000, with 31% of those (620,000) in the U.S. and Canada (Rich et al. 2004). In 2016, Partners in Flight estimated the U.S. and Canada population to be 1.1 million individuals (Rosenberg et al. 2016). Rosenberg et al. (2019) estimated the North American population size to be between 635,174 to 1.53 million breeding individuals based on data from 2006-2015.<br/><br/>In Canada, at least 270 mature individuals are estimated (COSEWIC 2017). In southeastern California, 1120 or fewer individuals are estimated (Wilkerson and Siegel 2011). In eastern Colorado, 3554 individuals are estimated (Tipton et al. 2009). During a statewide survey in Florida in 1999, a total of 1745 adults were recorded (Bowen 2001), although a 2017 survey documented 1397 adults in the town of Cape Coral, Florida alone (Luaces 2019). Documentation of population sizes outside of the U.S. and Canada has, thus far, been rare. In a 20.5 km² area of northeastern México, about 2000 individuals are estimated (Ruiz Ayma et al. 2016). In the town of Hermosillo, Sonora, México, 81 individuals are estimated (Valencia-Maldonado et al. 2016). It is considered widespread and locally uncommon on Hispaniola and rare in Cuba (Gallardo and Thorstrom 2019).","viabilityComments":"Assessing the number of occurrences with good viability is difficult. There are few records from Central America and South America (Linger et al. 2018). It is declining where populations have been monitored in the U.S. and Canada (Panella 2013, COSEWIC 2017, Conway 2018). Many occurrences are in man-modified, rather than natural, habitats and whether those occurrences have good viability is ambiguous (Bowen 2001, Valencia-Maldonado et al. 2016, COSEWIC 2017, Luaces 2019, Poulin et al. 2020).","threatImpactComments":"Habitat loss due to conversion to agriculture and urban development continues to occur throughout the range (Villarreal et al. 2005, Panella 2013, Baladrón et al. 2016, Valencia-Maldonado et al. 2016, COSEWIC 2017). The hunting and persecution of fossorial mammals that initially dig burrows used by burrowing owls causes a reduction in habitat quality and suitability over time (Evans 1982, Conway and Pardieck 2006, Panella 2013, COSEWIC 2017, Conway et al. 2018, Sheffield 2021). Disturbance by humans and unleashed dogs causes the abandonment of otherwise suitable sites (Panella 2013, COSEWIC 2017). Industry, utility, and wind energy developments in North America cause fatal collisions as well as habitat fragmentation (Panella 2013, COSEWIC 2017, Linger et al. 2018). Exposure to insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides, and other contaminants can have negative impacts that are direct (e.g. illness, mortality) and indirect (e.g. prey species reduction) (Engelman et al. 2012, Panella 2013, COSEWIC 2017, Justice-Allen and Loyd 2017). See COSEWIC (2017) for a summary of pesticide usage in the breeding range. In the Caribbean, mongoose (<i>Herpestes auropunctatus</i>), black rat (<i>Rattus rattus</i>), and brown rat (<i>R. norvegicus</i>) are suspected of extirpating several island populations (Gallardo and Thorstrom 2019). Storms during the migration and the non-breeding season are thought to have negative impacts on adult survival in the migratory population (Wellicome et al. 2014).<br/><br/>Partners in Flight considered threats to be high in the breeding range and moderate in the non-breeding range, although exact threats were not detailed (Rosenberg et al. 2016).","shortTermTrendComments":"Most trend information comes from the U.S. and Canada where it is known to be declining (Panella 2013, COSEWIC 2017, Conway 2018, Fink et al. 2023). eBird data indicated a decline of 23.4%-31.9% in North America from 2012-2022 (Fink et al. 2023). Since 2010, the population has declined by approximately 1% annually in the U.S. by and approximately 7% annually in Canada (Conway 2018, Sheffield 2021). From 2005-2015, the populations in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada declined by 45.4% and 75.6%, respectively (COSEWIC 2017). There have been no known breeding attempts since 2014 in Orange County, California and the population is considered extirpated from much of southeastern California (Bloom 2023). Although no trend data is available for México, the Caribbean, or South America, the range is expanding into parts of the Brazilian Amazon that have been recently deforested (Gomes et al. 2013).","longTermTrendComments":"There are documented declines in population sizes and loss of habitat. Virtually all trend data comes from the U.S. and Canada (Linger et al. 2018). The range has contracted along the periphery of the breeding range in North America (COSEWIC 2017, Sheffield 2021). Partners in Flight estimated the U.S. and Canada populations have declined by 35% from 1970-2014 (Rosenberg et al. 2016). Conway (2018) estimated population decline in the U.S. and Canada to be 39% from 1996-2015. Since 1880, the range extent in Canada has contracted by 63% (Kirk et al. 1995, Environment Canada 2012, COSEWIC 2017). The population in Canada declined an estimated 53% from 6,000 individuals in the 1970s to 1,600 individuals in 2004 (Environment Canada 2012). COSEWIC (2017) reported the population in Canada declined by 90% from 1990-2000. Sheffield (2021) estimated that it has declined in the western United States by roughly 1% per year from 1966-2017. The population declined 1.5% annually from 1968-2005 in eastern Washington, U.S. (Conway and Pardieck 2006). There was a statistically significant decline in overwintering owls (particularly since the 1970s) in Texas through 2001 (McIntyre 2004). It has been declining for decades in California and is nearly extirpated from all of coastal southern California (Sheffield 1997, Bloom 2023). Populations from at least three Caribbean islands in the Lesser Antilles are extirpated (Gallardo and Thorstrom 2019).","inventoryNeeds":"Determine population abundance and global distribution. More surveys in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America are needed (Linger et al. 2018).","numberProtEosComments":"The total number of protected occurrences is not well known. In Canada, only one to several occurrences are protected on conservation lands, although this species is generally protected throughout Canada as an endangered species (COSEWIC 2017). Most occurrences in Florida are not adequately protected (Bowen 2001, Luaces 2019).","protectionNeeds":"Protect large areas with ample populations of burrowing mammals such as prairie dogs or ground squirrels.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Low productivity, low post-fledging survival, and low annual survival hamper the ability of populations to recover quickly (COSEWIC 2017).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species requires open habitats with very low vegetation structure along with soil types appropriate for burrowing including many man-modified habitats (COSEWIC 2017, Poulin et al. 2020)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106553,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Populations in the U.S. (except Florida and southeastern California) and Canada migrate during the non-breeding season (September-March) (Holroyd et al. 2010, COSEWIC 2017, Poulin et al. 2020). Birds from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba migrate to the Great Plains, southern Texas, and México (Holroyd et al. 2010, Holroyd et al. 2011). Birds from British Columbia migrate to the Pacific coast of the U.S. (Holroyd et al. 2010). Individuals will disperse to new breeding sites, especially after nest failure or poor nest success in the previous year (Riding and Belthoff 2018).","foodHabitsComments":"This species is a generalist carnivore, although some plant matter is also consumed (COSEWIC 2017, Poulin et al. 2020). Insects, particularly coleopterans and orthopterans, make up over 75% of food items while mammals make up fewer items but the majority of biomass in the diet (Wiley 1998, Villarreal et al. 2005, Cavalli et al. 2013, Menezes and Ludwig 2013, Cadena-Ortíz et al. 2016, COSEWIC 2017, Ruiz Ayma et al. 2019, Poulin et al. 2020). During the breeding season, females tend to capture more invertebrate prey while males capture more mammalian prey (Ruiz Ayma 2019, Poulin et al. 2020).","animalPhenologyComments":"Activity is primarily nocturnal in winter in the north, diurnal and crepuscular in summer; burrowing owls usually can be observed in daytime in Florida and in the southern part of the winter range (Evans 1982). In Saskatchewan, peak foraging activity occurred between 2030 and 0630 h (Haug and Oliphant 1990).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":24,"width":null,"weight":159,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101378,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101379,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101380,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102628,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102629,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1210,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Owls","subtypes":"Nest site                                                                                           ","inferredExtentDistance":0.6,"inferredExtentNotes":"Conservatively based on an average home range of 27 hectares for a Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl family (Proudfoot and Johnson 2000). A breeding male Northern Saw-whet Owl spent most of its active time in a core area of only 27 hectares (Cannings 1987).<br><br>Long-eared Owl: May use an IE of 0.8 km, which is the diameter of an average home range (Craighead and Craighead 1956).<br><br>Short-eared Owl: May use an IE of 0.9 km, which is based on an average breeding home range of 65 hectares.<br>","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is not intended to delineate demographically independent populations or metapopulations (such units would be quite large) but rather serves to circumscribe breeding occurrences that are of practical size for conservation/management use.<br><br>Separation distance is larger than three times the diameter of an average home range for these volant species; based  the diameter of larger home ranges of males, e.g. those of Northern Pygmy-Owls given below. <br><br>Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl: post-fledging families used 9.3 to about 60 hectares until the young dispersed (Proudfoot and Johnson 2000). <br><br>Northern Pygmy-Owl: territory in Colorado estimated to be about 75 hectares (Rashid 1999, cited in Holt and Petersen 2000); home ranges of breeding males in Washington 170-230 hectares (A. Giese, pers. comm., cited in Holt and Petersen 2000); home ranges of males in Sweden averaged 231 hectares (Kullberg 1995). <br><br>Northern Saw-whet Owl: Two breeding males had home ranges of 142 and 159 hectares (Cannings 1987). Most breeding habitat probably supports a maximum of about 1 pair/square kilometer, often much less (Cannings 1993); singing males can be as close as about 250 meters apart (Swengel 1990). <br><br>Elf Owl: home ranges smaller, range 0.2-2.6, mean 1.0 hectares (Gamel 1997). <br><br>Flammulated Owl males had mean home ranges of about 14 hectares in Colorado (Linkhart 1984) and about 16 hectares in Oregon (during the incubation period; Goggans 1986).  DNA data indicate very low differentiation among populations in different mountain ranges in New Mexico and Utah; evidently the species exhibits long-distance natal dispersal and frequent intermountain dispersal (Arsenault et al. 2005).<br><br>Whiskered Screech-Owls had home ranges about 1550 meters long, along permanent creek (Gehlbach and Gehlbach 2000).<br><br>Burrowing Owl: In Saskatchewan, the average home range was about 1.2 kilometers in diameter (Haug and Oliphant 1990).<br><br>Long-eared Owl: In Wyoming, breeding home range in riparian habitat varied from 34-106 hectares and averaged 51 hectares (Craighead and Craighead 1956).<br><br>Short-eared Owl: Breeding territories average 64 -74 hectares  (Holt 1992, Clark 1975).","versionDate":"2005-02-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"Contains owls in the genera <i>Otus</i>, <i>Glaucidium</i>, <i>Aegolius</i>, <i>Asio</i> and <i>Athene</i>.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:19.582657Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1209,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Owls","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.6,"inferredExtentNotes":"Conservatively based on a home range of 27 hectares; for example, a breeding male Northern Saw-whet Owl spent most of its active time in a 27-hectare core area (Cannings 1987).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of wintering individuals (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance larger than three times the diameter of an average home range for these volant species; based  the diameter of larger home ranges of males, e.g. those of Northern Pygmy-Owls: in Washington 170-230 hectares (A. Giese, pers. comm., cited in Holt and Petersen 2000);  in Sweden, averaged 231 hectares (Kullberg 1995).  <br> Whiskered Screech-Owls had home ranges about 1550 meters long, along permanent creek (Gehlbach and Gehlbach 2000).","versionDate":"2002-04-16","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:19.582657Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156323,"locationUseClass":{"id":21,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Roost","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de repos","displayOrder":11},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Owls","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring, nonbreeding, communal roosting at a given location; reliable observation of multiple individuals roosting in a distinct habitat patch in multiple years. To avoid creating EOs for ephemeral situations, there should be evidence of communal roosting over at least two different (though not necessarily consecutive) nonbreeding seasons.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary. Pertinent biologically based separation criteria do not exist.","versionDate":"2012-10-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:19.582657Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106553,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Artificial nest burrows have been used successfully (Collins and Landry 1977). <br><br>May benefit from periodic burning of desert grasslands (see Dodd 1988). <br><br>See Harris and Feeney (1990) for information on the successful relocation of owls from a construction site to an enhanced site on an unused portion of a municipal golf course in central California. However, site fidelity may interfere with translocation efforts (see J. Raptor Research, vol. 27). <br><br>See Dechant et al. (2003) for effects of grassland management practices on burrowing owls. See Green and Anthony (J. Raptor Research, vol. 27) for a discussion of management in the Columbia Basin. <br><br>Human activity in nesting areas should be restricted or prohibited during the incubation period.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":"Translocation of owls from Washington to British Columbia began in 1983; some owls have returned to translocation areas and reproduced; in the early 1990s, BC program emphasized captive breeding for release (some released owls have reproduced, as have some released in Manitoba); research has helped identify factors that affect the success of reintroductions (Dundas and Jensen 1995). For more infomation on BC's burrowing owl reintroduction program, contact: BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 780 Blanshard Street, Victoria, BC V8V 1X4. <br><br>A program to address the decline in Saskatchewan and Alberta is called \"Operation Burrowing Owl.\" Management activities include increasing public awareness, placing nest boxes, encouraging voluntary land protection, and providing monetary incentives to landowners to protect nesting habitat and avoid pesticide use around nest sites. As of 1993, several hundred landowners were enrolled in the project and were protecting over 20,000 ha of breeding habitat, supporting several hundred breeding pairs of owls (Dundas and Jensen 1995). For more information on Operation Burrowing Owl, contact: Heather Dundas, Nature Saskatchewan, Box 4348, Regina SK S4A 3W6, telephone 306-780-9273, fax 306-781-6021, or Dave Scobie, Box 1829, Brooks, Alberta, T1R 1C6, telephone 403-362-4122. <br><br>In Manitoba, nearly 3500 ha of critical habitat have been leased or voluntarily protected for burrowing owls and other grassland species through the Critical Wildlife Habitat Program, and over 300 artificial nest burrows have been installed (Dundas and Jensen 1995). For more information on Manitoba's Threatened Grassland Birds Project, contact: Ken De Smet, Department of Natural Resources, Melita, MB R0M 1L0, telephone 204-522-3719.","monitoringProgramContacts":"Manitoba monitors status through its \"Threatened Grassland Birds Project\" (Dundas and Jensen 1995). Monitoring of status in Saskatchewan and Alberta is conducted through \"Operation Burrowing Owl\" (Dundas and Jensen 1995).","managementResearchPrograms":"Management research is conducted in Saskatchewana and Alberta through \"Operation Burrowing Owl\" (Dundas and Jensen 1995).","managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Organized, long-term population monitoring should be considered throughout the range (COSEWIC 2017, Poulin et al. 2020). Usage of satellite transmitters would allow scientists to answer questions about the movement and survival pattern of these unpredictable birds.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107942,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:31:44.202233Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. 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Habitat management series for unique or endangered species, Report No. 11, Burrowing owl, <i>Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea</i>. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Dept. of Int., Technical Note, T-N-250, Denver.","shortCitationAuthor":"Zarn","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74ZAR03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:45.411764Z"},{"id":158710,"citation":"Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. 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