{"elementGlobalId":106541,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":1,"iucnDescEn":"Extinct","iucnDescEs":"Extinto","iucnDescFr":"Disparue","iucnCode":"EX"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Moho braccatus</i>","scientificName":"Moho braccatus","scientificNameAuthor":"Cassin, 1855","primaryCommonName":"Kauai 'o'o","relatedItisNames":"<i>Moho braccatus</i> (Cassin, 1855) (TSN 178820)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106541","elcode":"ABPBU01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Moho braccatus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Distinct from other species of <i>Moho</i>, which may constitute a superspecies (AOU 1983).","roundedGRank":"GX","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2021-11-30","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Lombard, K., G. Hammerson, and L. Kashinsky (2011), N. Sears (2021)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168203,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NX","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":333188,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":333188,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NX","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168203,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:48:15.836206Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106541/Moho_braccatus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2021-11-30","grankReviewDate":"2021-11-30","grankReasons":"This species was formerly restricted to the southeastern portion of Alaka'i Swamp, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. It faced a multitude of threats and despite extensive survey efforts by biologists and birders, it has not been detected since 1987 and is considered extinct.","grank":"GX","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":106541,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":1,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":16,"numberEosDescEn":"0 (zero)","numberEosDescEs":"0 (cero)","numberEosDescFr":"0 (zéro)"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":1,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"None (zero)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Ninguno (Cero)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Aucun (Zéro)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":38,"popSizeDescEn":"Zero, no individuals known extant","popSizeDescEs":"Cero, se desconoce si hay individuos existentes","popSizeDescFr":"Zéro, aucun individu ne semble exister"},"rangeExtent":{"id":37,"rangeExtentDescEn":"Zero (no occurrences believed extant)","rangeExtentDescEs":"Cero (no se detecta presencia)","rangeExtentDescFr":"Zéro (aucune présence détectée)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"This species historically occurred throughout Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands (USA). In the 1970s and 1980s, it was known only from the southeastern portions of the Alaka'i Swamp (Sykes et al. 2000). It is now extinct.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"No occurrences are extant. Prior to extinction, there was at most one population in the southeastern portion of Alakai Swamp (Sykes et al. 2000).","popSizeComments":"Now extinct. At the time of listing (endangered) in 1967, the population size was estimated at 36 individuals (USFWS 1983). Only one individual, a male, was thought to exist in 1988, and this bird was not seen in its usual location in 1989 (Pyle 1990). No detections were made on a 1993 post-Hurricane Iniki survey.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Decline was primarily the result of deforestation, habitat degradation caused by feral goats and pigs, exotic avian diseases (spread via introduced mosquitoes), and predation by introduced black rat; the latter two factors were likely the cause of its final demise (Atkinson 1977, Smith and Fancy 1997, Scott et al. 1986, Sykes et al. 2000).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"Common throughout Kauai in the late 1800s; rare by 1920; total population was estimated at 36 in 1968-1973; declined drastically in the 1970s; only one or at most a few individuals survived in the mid-1980s (Pratt et al. 1987, USFWS 1983, Scott and Kepler 1985, Scott 1986, Scott et al. 1988, Sykes et al. 2000). Only one individual, a male, was thought to exist in 1988, and this bird was not seen in its usual location in 1989. No detections were made on a 1993 post-Hurricane Iniki survey. This species has not been detected since 1987, even though its loud calls could be heard easily (Conant et al. 1998, Sykes et al. 2000).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106541,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats arthropods, small snails, berries, nectar of lobelia and ohia.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":20,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102733,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105039,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105040,"foodHabits":{"id":6,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Frugivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Frugívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Frugivore","displayOrder":6},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105041,"foodHabits":{"id":7,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Nectarivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Nectarívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Nectarivore","displayOrder":7},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156640,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Hawaiian resident birds","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single observations outside the normal distribution (i.e., vagrancy).","mappingGuidance":"For most Hawaiian resident birds, occurrences will consist of nesting areas, foraging areas, and nonbreeding areas. In instances where a species is known to be widespread on a given island and does not exhibit distinct breeding and nonbreeding ranges (as stated below), then separation distance can be overridden in the absence of observations in suitable habitat within separation distance so that a given island is considered a single occurrence. For altitudinal migrants, it is only recommended to map nonbreeding occurrences separately from breeding occurrences if the ranges are distinctly stratified in both time and space.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"A moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for Hawaiian resident bird species. It should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other. Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart if they are used during the nesting season.","versionDate":"2025-11-24","versionAuthor":"Gundy, R.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:49:03.832068Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":106541,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Assuming the species is extant, it would benefit from habitat restoration and exclusion of exotic predators.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":107930,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:31:42.186445Z"}],"references":[{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":131422,"citation":"Atkinson, I. A. E. 1977. A reassessment of factors, particularly RATTUS RATTUS (L.), that influenced the declineof endemic forest birds in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 31:109-133.","shortCitationAuthor":"Atkinson","shortCitationYear":1977,"referenceCode":"A77ATK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:29.187357Z"},{"id":115080,"citation":"Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.","shortCitationAuthor":"Balda and Bateman","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71BAL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":120546,"citation":"Berger, A. J. 1981. Hawaiian Birdlife. Second Edition. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. xv + 260 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Berger","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81BER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:17.632108Z"},{"id":763333,"citation":"Conant, S., Pratt, H.D., and Shallenberger, R.J. 1998. Reflections on a 1975 expedition to the lost world of the Alakai and other notes on the natural history, systematics, and conservation of Kauai birds. The Wilson Bulletin 110(1) 1-22.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant et al.","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98CON62HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:43.630476Z"},{"id":143941,"citation":"Constantine, D. G. 1998. Range extensions of ten species of bats in California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 97:49-75.","shortCitationAuthor":"Constantine","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:17.025442Z"},{"id":123055,"citation":"Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1992. Birds in Jeopardy: the Imperiled and Extinct Birds of the United States and Canada, Including Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 259 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ehrlich et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92EHR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.459982Z"},{"id":105464,"citation":"Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.","shortCitationAuthor":"Horn","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68HOR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":144453,"citation":"Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ligon","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71LIG01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":144137,"citation":"Matthews, J.R. and C.J. Moseley (eds.). 1990. The Official World Wildlife Fund Guide to Endangered Species of North America. Volume 1. Plants, Mammals. xxiii + pp 1-560 + 33 pp. appendix + 6 pp. glossary + 16 pp. index. Volume 2. Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes, Mussels, Crustaceans, Snails, Insects, and Arachnids. xiii + pp. 561-1180. Beacham Publications, Inc., Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Matthews and Moseley","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90MAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.314212Z"},{"id":115752,"citation":"Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moore and Dolbeer","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89MOO01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":122670,"citation":"Pratt, H. D., P. L. Bruner, and D. G. Berrett. 1987. A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 409 pp. + 45 plates.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pratt et al.","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87PRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.8767Z"},{"id":102065,"citation":"Scott, J. M., and C. B. Kepler. 1985. Distribution and abundance of Hawaiian native birds: a status report. Pages 43-70 in Temple, S. A. (editor). Bird Conservation 2. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. 181 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Scott and Kepler","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85SCO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:45.242206Z"},{"id":129391,"citation":"Scott, J. M., C. B. Kepler, C. van Riper, and S. I. Fefer. 1988. Conservation of Hawaii's vanishing avifauna. BioScience 38:238-253. Scott, J. M., et al. 1988. Conservation of Hawaii's vanishing avifauna. BioScience 38:238-253.","shortCitationAuthor":"Scott et al.","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88SCO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:54.574058Z"},{"id":130799,"citation":"Scott, J. M., S. Mountainspring, F. L. Ramsey and C. B. Kepler. 1986. Forest bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands: their dynamics, ecology and conservation. Studies in Avian Biology No. 9. Cooper Ornithological Society. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 431 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Scott et al.","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86SCO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:32.491964Z"},{"id":137163,"citation":"Smith, T. B., and S. G. Fancy. 1997. Challenges and approaches for conserving Hawai'i's endangered forest birds. IN P. L. Fiedler and P. M. Karevia, editors, Conservation biology for the coming decade. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.","shortCitationAuthor":"Smith and Fancy","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97SMI01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:43.64613Z"},{"id":109049,"citation":"Sykes, P. W., Jr., A. K. Kepler, C. B. Kepler, and J. M. Scott. 2000. Kaua'i O'o (<i>Moho braccatus</i>), O'ahu O'o (<i>Moho apicalis</i>), Bishop's O'o (<i>Moho bishopi</i>), Hawai'i O'o (<i>Moho nobilis</i>), and Kioea (<i>Chaetoptila angustipluma</i>). No. 535 in A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sykes et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00SYK01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:25.242564Z"},{"id":146621,"citation":"Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tarvin and Woolfenden","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99TAR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":106130,"citation":"Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thompson","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94THO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":151044,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1967. Native fish and wildlife: endangered species. Federal Register 32(48):4001.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":1967,"referenceCode":"N67FWS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:42.789673Z"},{"id":143776,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1990. Endangered and threatened species recovery program: report to Congress. 406 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90FWS03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.314212Z"},{"id":1105913,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2021. Removal of 23 Extinct Species From the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Proposed Rule. Federal Register 86(187): 54298-54338.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"N21FWS10HQUS","lastModified":"2021-10-02T14:21:01.695596Z"},{"id":1133672,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2023. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of 21 Species From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Final rule. Federal Register 88(199):71644-71682.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23FWS44NAUS","lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:52.123623Z"},{"id":125063,"citation":"Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams","shortCitationYear":1952,"referenceCode":"A52WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":140794,"citation":"Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.","shortCitationAuthor":"Willson","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"A66WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":198277,"name":"Kauai 'o'o (honeyeater)","language":"EN"},{"id":113012,"name":"Moho de Kauai","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":106541,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":{"id":1,"fwsRegionDescEn":"Pacific","fwsRegionDescEs":"Pacífico","fwsRegionDescFr":"Pacifique"},"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":1,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single state or province","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de un estado o provincia","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à un État ou à une province"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":39,"usesaDescEn":"Delisted","usesaDescEs":null,"usesaDescFr":"Désinscrite","usesaCode":"DL"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Passeriformes","family":"Mohoidae","genus":"Moho","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":"2023-11-16","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"USFWS (2023) has declared this species extinct. The Federal Register publication date is October 23, 2023 but the rule goes into effect on November 16, 2023. Previously listed as Endangered in March of 1967.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":106541,"reproductionComments":"A nest containing two young was found in late May during the early 1970s (Matthews and Moseley 1990).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Richardson and Bowles (1964) described habitat as thick forest, with oo preferring high elevation canyons rather than forested ridges (Sykes et al. 2000). Scott et al. (1986) indicated that oo historically used six forest types; arid low elevation woodland, dry lowland forest, mesic lowland forest, mesic montane forest, wet lowland forest, and wet montane forest (Sykes et al. 2000). May defend favored flowering ohia trees. Nests in tree cavities (e.g., in dead ohia 7.5-12 m above ground) (Berger 1981).","generalDescription":"Smallest Hawaiian honeyeater; had short tail with no markings, and the least amount of yellow feathering in its plumage (Sykes et al. 2000). Sexes similar in apperance, but female generally smaller; mass unknown, total length 206-242 mm for males, 179-225 mm for females; bill about equal to head in length; slender, sharp, and slightly decurved; head, wings, and tail black, crown feathers stiff and lanceolate; forehead and crown more intensely black than rest of plumage, and slightly glossy (Sykes et al. 2000). Crown sparingly streaked with white, back slaty brown; rump and upper tail-coverts paler borwn; bend of wing and under wing coverts white; chin, throat, and upper breast black with transverse subterminal white bars giving scaly appearance; feathered part of leg yellow in adults, black in immatures (Sykes et al. 2000).","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-110260,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-111801,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":12235,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":1,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Extreme: Likely to destroy or eliminate occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 71-100%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Extreme or 71-100% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":12236,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":22,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Logging & wood harvesting","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.3 - Logging & wood harvesting","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":360,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":19,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":1,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Extreme: Likely to destroy or eliminate occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 71-100%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Extreme or 71-100% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":12237,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":32,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"8","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Invasive & other problematic species,  genes & diseases","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"8 - Invasive & other problematic species,  genes & diseases","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":590,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":1,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Extreme: Likely to destroy or eliminate occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 71-100%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Extreme or 71-100% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":12238,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":33,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"8.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":600,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":32,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":1,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Extreme: Likely to destroy or eliminate occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 71-100%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Extreme or 71-100% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":12239,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":47,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Climate change & severe weather","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11 - Climate change & severe weather","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":840,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":2,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious: Likely to seriously degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 31-70%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious or 31-70% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":12240,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":51,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11.4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Storms & flooding","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11.4 - Storms & flooding","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":880,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":47,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":2,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious: Likely to seriously degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 31-70%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious or 31-70% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":4,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Insignificant/Negligible: Only in past and unlikely to return, or no direct affect but limiting","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Insignificant/negligible or past","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"threatImpactCalc":null}]}